tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24129537631021630842024-02-20T09:15:00.643-08:00The Dobbyn DigestJunior and Leaving Cert English - Digested.Ms Dobbynhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00916495409407094753noreply@blogger.comBlogger25125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2412953763102163084.post-55894033732437953392019-04-25T02:02:00.000-07:002019-04-25T02:02:29.823-07:00Americanah - 21st Century Feminist Icon Adichie’s Seminal Text<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI0FfskaDdwG_-8Q34ssO1xTPlM9uwW0yNy8au7jHvcQZbiu6PcIRkV-9FtuciKv_kKsJkyvN8se6AvNqq94HVZDLYcsSL29KjO5efStRQfGC4K20py3ipQb_PNzlEIhnmgGmLvju6wDMM/s1600/chimamanda.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI0FfskaDdwG_-8Q34ssO1xTPlM9uwW0yNy8au7jHvcQZbiu6PcIRkV-9FtuciKv_kKsJkyvN8se6AvNqq94HVZDLYcsSL29KjO5efStRQfGC4K20py3ipQb_PNzlEIhnmgGmLvju6wDMM/s320/chimamanda.jpg" /></a><br />
<i>This article was first published in the Written Word supplement of the Irish Independent in January 2019.</i><br />
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<i>“Why did people ask "What is it about?" as if a novel had to be about only one thing.”</i></div>
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Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie has had a busy few years. Not only has she written some of the most exciting and popular novels of the 21st century and won a ton of literary awards but thanks to a TED talk entitled ‘We Should All be Feminists’ she has become an icon of the fourth wave feminist movement. Focused on how gender norms in society effect both men and women negatively, Adichie espouses a simple, tolerant feminism that is open to all: “The problem with gender is that it prescribes how we should be rather than recognizing how we are. Imagine how much happier we would be, how much freer to be our true individual selves, if we didn’t have the weight of gender expectations.” <br /><br />Her first novel Purple Hibiscus has featured on the Leaving Cert list of texts on and off since 2009. It is a coming-of-age story of narrator Kambili growing up in a wealthy family dominated by a strictly religious father in post-colonial Nigeria. Americanah is partly set in contemporary Nigeria but also in the United States. It explores the experiences of Ifemelu, a young Nigerian woman who emigrates to the US to attend university. She experiences racism for the first time in America and negotiates her place there as a non-American black person.<br /><br />Americanah features a rich array of well-developed characters. The protagonist Ifemelu is intelligent and successful academically. Her homelife is difficult with her father losing his government job and her mother’s involvement with an evangelical church. Her first love, Obinze, is her match intellectually and they share a passionate relationship before Ifemelu moves to America and Obinze migrates to the UK where he works illegally. Eventually Obinze is deported back to Nigeria but becomes a successful business man and the two characters reconnect later in life. <br /><br />The novel explores themes of love, identity, racism, sexism and migration. Ifemelu shares a deep loving connection with Obinze that subsequent relationships fail to match: “She rested her head against his and felt, for the first time, what she would often feel with him: a self-affection. He made her like herself. With him, she was at ease: her skin felt as though it was her right size.” She also witnesses others in damaging or controlling relationships like that of her Aunt Uju with the General. Relationships are depicted as complex and challenging, even the loving ones.<br /><br />Both Ifemelu and Obinze face racism in their respective countries of migration and Ifemelu chooses to write a blog about the issues she observes in America called: “Raceteenth or Various Observations About American Blacks (Those Formerly Known as Negroes) by a Non-American Black.” She examines the overt racism of conservatives and the subtle, in-denial racism of liberals: “Racism should never have happened and so you don’t get a cookie for reducing it.”<br /><br />She explores topics such as how race effects relationships, race in the workplace and the ever-complicated issue of hair for African women. Go natural and face being described as ‘jungle’ or attempt to emulate white hair with toxic relaxing chemicals? <br /><br />“Relaxing your hair is like being in prison. You're caged in. Your hair rules you. You didn't go running with Curt today because you don't want to sweat out this straightness. You're always battling to make your hair do what it wasn't meant to do.” <br /><br />Ifemelu eventually gives in to the draw of home: “Nigeria became where she was supposed to be, the only place she could sink her roots in without the constant urge to tug them out and shake off the soil.” When she returns, she is called ‘Americanah’, a term which is used by Nigerians to refer to returning migrants who have developed American affectations; American accents or ways of doing things. Adichie poses many interesting questions about the experience of migration for people and the position of the returned migrant in society, something very relevant to the experience of 21st century Irish people.<div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRlemqmXLHMgmrApq1SveVMbQgSE8zR8cEzV808qQjQDobnzXEgzv7Zq_hhHMEbOyWB8SZpFqY6HxHc0oGVarWtUj30pFQK4kUNpMs9vjFqBUHh4L56ekkfDwe9sdQ85f-yKlPZNppbLhR/s1600/We+should+all+be.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="272" data-original-width="185" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRlemqmXLHMgmrApq1SveVMbQgSE8zR8cEzV808qQjQDobnzXEgzv7Zq_hhHMEbOyWB8SZpFqY6HxHc0oGVarWtUj30pFQK4kUNpMs9vjFqBUHh4L56ekkfDwe9sdQ85f-yKlPZNppbLhR/s1600/We+should+all+be.jpg" /></a><br />Unsurprisingly Barack Obama has repeatedly listed Americanah among his favourite books and it has topped best seller lists all over the world. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie is clearly a voice to be reckoned with globally, both now and in the future. </div>
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Ms Dobbynhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00916495409407094753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2412953763102163084.post-3575691407936246922016-02-07T03:46:00.000-08:002016-02-07T03:46:08.753-08:00Elizabeth Bishop<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
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<span style="color: #262626; font-style: italic;">This article was published in the Written Word supplement of the Irish Independent January 2016.</span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">''All
my life I have lived and behaved very much like [the] sandpiper—just running
down the edges of different countries and continents, "looking for
something" ... having spent most of my life timorously seeking for subsistence
along the coastlines of the world.''</span></i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2ZrLbdfEKp254YnzjqC1fhcQLg5GthZVjnZuLGFaT6PFnVmK91KINagrwMgbQV1lZmMILs4QdOU8c5K_vq_bhbRqnW_Soi2nAUAfjc256Ns4ZE8iOWZu9-To24KdX8tjm0QFtPRRL5W1F/s1600/Elizabeth-Bishop.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2ZrLbdfEKp254YnzjqC1fhcQLg5GthZVjnZuLGFaT6PFnVmK91KINagrwMgbQV1lZmMILs4QdOU8c5K_vq_bhbRqnW_Soi2nAUAfjc256Ns4ZE8iOWZu9-To24KdX8tjm0QFtPRRL5W1F/s320/Elizabeth-Bishop.jpg" width="320" /></a><span lang="EN-GB">Over her 15 years on the Leaving Cert
course Bishop has appeared 5 times and consistently proves a popular choice
with students. Her conversational tone, eye for detail and exploration of
themes such as the search for identity, coming to terms with loss and childhood
memories, make her poetry very accessible for all ages, especially adolescents.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She was greatly feted in her lifetime
and won many distinguished accolades such as the Pulitzer Prize and National
Book Award.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Bishop had an incredibly tough childhood;
losing her father to Bright’s disease as a baby and losing her mother to mental
illness over the following few years. She was raised by relatives and inherited
money that allowed her to live independently but her poetry is characterised by
a longing and search for home. She also, paradoxically, greatly enjoyed travel;
as Niall MacMonagle noted she: ‘preferred geography to history’, and, rather
than wallowing in self-pity in her work, she tended to turn her attention
outwards to study the world around her in incredible detail.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">The
Fish</span></i><span lang="EN-GB">, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Filling
Station</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Armadillo</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Bight</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">At the Fishhouses</i> all display her skillful use of this razor-sharp
attention to detail. In these poems she invites the reader ‘to focus not <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">on</i> her but <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">with</i> her’ at some element of the natural or man-made world that
catches her eye. In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Fish</i> she
delivers a masterclass in painting a word-picture of the ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tremendous fish</i>’. She recreates every inch of his ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">battered and venerable’ </i>body, from the ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">brown skin hung in strips like ancient
wallpaper’</i> to ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the frightening gills,
fresh and crisp with blood’. </i>She makes comparisons with ordinery domestic
objects so that those of us who have never set foot in a fishing boat can see
what she sees: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the irises backed and
packed with tranished tinfoil’</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Often she is so eager to get her
description right that she corrects herself in the middle of the poem: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">It was more like the tipping of an object toward
the light</i>.’ Michael Schmidt said of her voice that it ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">affirms, hesitates, corrects itself; the image comes clear to us as it
came clear to her</i>.’ In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Filling
Station</i> she puzzles over the contradictions of sight before her: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Do they live in the station?’ ‘Why the
taboret? Why, oh why, the doily</i>?’ She poses questions that occur to her in
the course of her observations and then attempts to answer them: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Somebody embroidered the doily. Somebody
waters the plant… Somebody loves us all.</i>’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">In the course of her travels she explored
exotic locations in Europe, North Africa and South America, some of which pop
up in her poems. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Armadillo</i>
details the celebration of St John’s Day (24<sup>th</sup> June) in Brazil with
traditional (but illegal!) fire balloons and the havoc they inflict on the local
wildlife: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Last night another big one
fell. It splattered like an egg of fire against the cliff behind the house…The
ancient owls’ nest must have burned</i>.’ In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Bight</i> she examines Garrison Bight in Key West, Florida
recreating both the man-made and natural elements of the scene vividly: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Black-and-white man-of-war birds soar on
impalpable drafts and open their tails like scissors on the curves</i>.’ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">She also investigates the nature of travel
itself, most memorably in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Questions of
Travel</i>. This poem explores the experience of being a tourist in a foreign
country, looking at waterfalls, mountains and ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">old stonework’</i>. She wonders if tourism is really a good thing: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Is it right to be watching strangers in a
play in this strangest of theatres?’ </i>or if our fantasies of exotic places
are actually ruined by visiting them: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Should
we have stayed at home and thought of here?...Oh, must we dream our dreams and
have them too?</i>’ She celebrates the beauty of the place she is visiting and
feels sad at the thought of missing out on the experience: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">But surely it would have been a pity <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>not to have seen the
trees along this road, <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>really exaggerated in
their beauty, <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>not to have seen them
gesturing <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>like noble pantomimists,
robed in pink.’<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Ultimately her ponderings bring her back to
her own elusive search for home: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Should
we have stayed at home, wherever that may be?’</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">It was later in life when she finally felt
able to write about her childhood experiences. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sestina</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">In the Waiting Room</i>
and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">First Death in Nova Scotia</i> were
all written in her 50s and explore a variety of memories from her childhood. In
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sestina</i> she chooses to use a rigid,
traditional poetic form to explore probably the most difficult experience of
her life; her mother’s permanent confinement in a mental hospital. It details
the scene in a kitchen of a grandmother looking after her granddaughter from
the perspective of the child. Superficially a warm, cosy domestic scene, the
child, although sheltered from the truth, knows something is wrong and sees
tears wherever she looks: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the child is
watching the teakettle’s small hard tears dance like mad on the hot black
stove.</i>’ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">In all her poems Bishop maintains a slight
distance from the material, the complete opposite of Sylvia Plath’s approach.
While there is a little autobiography in her work she mostly acts as an
objective observer. Colm Tóibín said of her: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">She began with the idea that little is known and that much is puzzling’</i>
which suggests she was like a scientist in her approach, always open to
learning something new. Overall her poems on the Leaving Cert course offer
students a great opportunity for deep insight and huge enjoyment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Ms Dobbynhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00916495409407094753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2412953763102163084.post-40111531795627676312016-02-07T03:41:00.000-08:002016-02-07T03:42:10.242-08:00Personal Essays – Finding Your Authentic Voice<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 15.4pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"><i>This article was first published in the Written Word supplement of the Irish Independent in January 2016.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHLO7_BlmSTwfA2Jn2JNeRmArCkxwua2zg9ZCJLuChomTXuhsaaM7YJK2M2MVXZoO224ci0toN16B0FFr4-33o-q94fRzFNZj64uXUE1MMfvQ6i9Lnope9ral3u956_YqjW9dckhgkfvsS/s1600/002DF46500000258-0-image-a-1_1423567501349.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHLO7_BlmSTwfA2Jn2JNeRmArCkxwua2zg9ZCJLuChomTXuhsaaM7YJK2M2MVXZoO224ci0toN16B0FFr4-33o-q94fRzFNZj64uXUE1MMfvQ6i9Lnope9ral3u956_YqjW9dckhgkfvsS/s320/002DF46500000258-0-image-a-1_1423567501349.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 15.4pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Writing a personal essay is, very simply, about
writing as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">yourself</b>. Unlike in a
short story, where you might pretend to be a cowboy, astronaut, doctor or spy,
in a personal essay YOU, an Irish teenager about to finish school, are the star
of the show. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 15.4pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">See the personal essay as a chance to reveal your
personality. It is a chance to explore your attitudes, emotions, hopes and
beliefs; the more original the better- show off what makes you unique and make
your essay memorable as a result. Personal anecdotes can greatly contribute to
revealing personal memories and feelings and can also be hugely entertaining.
You also have the option of exploring your opinions and thoughts on more
universal themes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 15.4pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">You can be flexible in the style of writing you use– try
descriptive writing in one paragraph, anecdotes in another, argue a particular
point of view in another. As long as your true personality is shining through
the style can vary. People generally write better when they’re writing ‘what
they know’ so the personal essay is a great choice for most LC students.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 15.4pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Here are some examples of titles that have come up
over the past few years:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">2015</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">: </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Write a personal essay about your response to an ending, or endings, in
your life that you consider significant.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 16.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">2013</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">: Write a personal
essay about the tension you find between the everyday treadmill and the gilded
promises of life.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 16.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">2012</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">: Write a personal
essay on what you consider to be the marvels of today’s world.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwriTbMdrIdTvYFJHUfFQBjDFXDOeoIvc9AonSw9oCJbVavFNLMIXBwzjGWDxQ2T-qR2-6-UvDNutYLtEWumXsF8OxGqtfOgOBZLOzu8vcMCLUP8eKg-bLYrufNHMI0WaIwIEUYZ-moyLX/s1600/Personal-Statement-1024x1024.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwriTbMdrIdTvYFJHUfFQBjDFXDOeoIvc9AonSw9oCJbVavFNLMIXBwzjGWDxQ2T-qR2-6-UvDNutYLtEWumXsF8OxGqtfOgOBZLOzu8vcMCLUP8eKg-bLYrufNHMI0WaIwIEUYZ-moyLX/s320/Personal-Statement-1024x1024.jpg" width="320" /></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">If
you’re stuck for ideas think about how the topic relates to you under some of the
following headings:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">You in a personal way</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Family</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">The Local community</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Ireland – national level</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">The world – global level</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">A humorous angle</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Popular culture</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Literature and History</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 16.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 16.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Here’s a sample introduction
for the 2012 title about ‘the marvel’s of today’s world’ written from my
personal perspective:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">When I was a child I watched ‘Star Trek’ with avid fascination. Giant
spaceships that could take you anywhere in the universe in total comfort;
magical handheld devices that could let you contact someone else instantly;
machines to which you could say ‘Earl Grey tea, hot’ and get your drink
instantly – amazing! Along with many children of the 80s, I fantasised about
hoverboards and videophones and all the other futuristic gadgets TV could dream
up. Would they exist when I was grown up? I fervantly hoped they would but
didn’t expect it to really happen. Now I look around me in 2015 (the ‘future’
in “Back to the Future”!) and my hopeful inner child is utterly amazed at the
marvels of today’s world. From the International Space Station to smart phones,
from 3D printers to bluetooth headsets; so many science-fiction gadgets have
become science fact and are affordable for most people to access. We have also
made great strides in the fields of medicine, food production and human rights.
We are the first generation that is genuinely capable of ending world hunger. Pope
John Paul II said “</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">The future starts today, not tomorrow</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">” and, for me, 2015 is the great,
glorious future that I anticipated when I was young.</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 16.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 16.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The following techniques can
be used to great effect in personal essays:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A Conversational Tone: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">imagine you’re chatting to someone when writing a personal essay and
that you’re telling them all about yourself. (This doesn’t mean you should use
slang or textspeak) Using a conversational tone creates intimacy with the
reader and draws them in to your writing. You can pose questions and then
answer them just as would happen in a conversation.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Use personal pronouns: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It might seem obvious but use the pronouns ‘I’ and ‘me’ throughout the
essay. Saying ‘this is how I see things’ is a more pleasant way to voice an
opinion than saying ‘this is how things are’.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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well chosen quotation from a piece of writing/song lyric that you love can set
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Nelson Mandela.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Start collecting
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Humour</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">: Take
the truth and exaggerate it (hyperbole) to add humour to your work. If an
examiner is laughing and enjoying a piece of writing they’re less likely to be
picking holes in it. Test out your laugh-inducing writing skills on your
teacher over the coming months as a humorous tone can sometimes be tricky to
convey on paper.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Ms Dobbynhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00916495409407094753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2412953763102163084.post-26825303577279620272015-03-26T10:27:00.001-07:002015-03-26T10:29:59.959-07:00King Lear - Characters<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Lear</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirrWiiVa8wrWejXiQpXG0p83dSTtauOJqFQfw9BdYvpdtCvgEce87H2QW26YLmDTx_69x1kENs8s1Pcaj9FxAuBpkveOf4sxP1b6aI0GmeEN8ynaenLc0Cu2LsIOGLscxUgNT3ficdUnHb/s1600/397150_king-lear-poster.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirrWiiVa8wrWejXiQpXG0p83dSTtauOJqFQfw9BdYvpdtCvgEce87H2QW26YLmDTx_69x1kENs8s1Pcaj9FxAuBpkveOf4sxP1b6aI0GmeEN8ynaenLc0Cu2LsIOGLscxUgNT3ficdUnHb/s1600/397150_king-lear-poster.jpg" height="320" width="224" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">At the beginning of the play Lear has been
King for many years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He has had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">total power </b>for a long time and has
lived in a sheltered, privileged world <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unquestioned</b>
by anyone. He decides to retire and:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘shake all cares and businesses from our age<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Conferring them on
younger strengths, while we<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Unburthen’d crawl toward
death’. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Initially this seems like a wise move and
it appears that he has already decided to divide the kingdom equally between
his three daughters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To indulge his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">vanity</b>, however, he invites the
daughters to proclaim their love for him publically, promising to reward the
most lavish flattery with the most land: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>‘Which of you shall we
say doth love us most? <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>That we our largest
bounty may extend <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Where nature doth with
merit challenge.’ <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">This childish ‘love test’ is evidence of
Lear’s dual flaws of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pride</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">vanity</b> especially when it does not go
as he had planned. Lear’s elder daughters Goneril and Regan indulge his need
for extravagant expressions of devotion: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sir
I love you more than words can wield the matter’</i> but his youngest and
favourite daughter Cordelia refuses to participate: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">What shall Cordelia speak? Love, and be silent.</i>’ Cordelia detests
her sisters’ fawning dishonesty: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Why
have my sisters husbands, if they say They love you all?</i>’ but Lear is <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">blind to the truth</b> and sees only
Cordelia’s disobedience.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His pride
wounded he lashes out in a rage and within minutes has rashly banished Cordelia
and his loyal servant Kent who had the courage to question his actions: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See better, Lear.</i>’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Lear
had planned to stay with Cordelia in retirement: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘I loved her most and thought to set my rest/On her kind nursery’</i>
but has to come up with an alternative plan after his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">temperamental</b> outburst. He decides to stay with Goneril and Regan on
alternating months and to retain 100 knights to attend him. Goneril and Regan
are fully aware of Lear’s weaknesses: ‘’<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tis
the infirmity of his age: yet he hath ever but slenderly known himself.</i>’
They realise it will be a challenge to control his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rash</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">volatile</b> nature
and promise to stick together to maintain their new powerful positions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Of course conflict arises as a result of
this situation, Lear is not used to taking orders from others and Goneril and
Regan are eager to assert and consolidate their power. His daughters attempt to
reduce his retinue of knights and Lear’s pride is again offended by the ‘filial
ingratitude’ displayed by his children. He <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">stubbornly</b>
refuses to accept their terms: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>‘No, rather I abjure all
roofs, and choose <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>To wage against the
enmity o’ the air <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>To be a comrade with the
wolf and owl, <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Necessity’s sharp
pinch!’<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Word
Bank:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"> Come up with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">synonyms</b> (words that have the same meaning) for each of the
following words:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.15pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">pride<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.15pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">vanity<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.15pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">volatile<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.15pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">rash<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">stubborn<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.15pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.15pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.15pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.15pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.15pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.15pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.15pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.15pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.15pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.15pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.15pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.15pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.15pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.15pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.15pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.15pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.2pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">The
Storm<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIB1bgYUcje2S-K9x5CIO2jiomamaX_pcn1ecO5J9SA_WCvt0PyBa2zta6xm-pfuWVIBjXqPDdxmLhYMIhCm7FUEs0JlE4eSbCTSrL3nQpYEGbRfBfTIB0KVi3UnAoGDBYNCR_R7qhCYzg/s1600/Ian-McKellen-as-King-Lear-002.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIB1bgYUcje2S-K9x5CIO2jiomamaX_pcn1ecO5J9SA_WCvt0PyBa2zta6xm-pfuWVIBjXqPDdxmLhYMIhCm7FUEs0JlE4eSbCTSrL3nQpYEGbRfBfTIB0KVi3UnAoGDBYNCR_R7qhCYzg/s1600/Ian-McKellen-as-King-Lear-002.jpg" height="192" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Thrown out in the middle of a storm Lear
experiences great suffering: physical, mental and moral. He is reduced to the
state of a beggar and as the storm rages around him a psychological storm rages
in his mind as he ruminates on the actions of Goneril and Regan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Here I stand, your slave,<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>A poor, infirm, weak and
despised old man.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>But yet I call you
servile ministers,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>That will with two
pernicious daughters join <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Your high-engendered
battles ‘gainst a head <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>So old and white as
this.’<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">He is filled with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">self-pity</b>, still blaming others for his problems: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I am a man more sinned against than sinning</i>.’
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">The
Fool , Lear’s loyal jester, is unafraid to tell Lear the truth and acts as
Lear’s conscience in the play. He mocks Lear for his foolish decision to divide
his kingdom: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">When thou clovest thy crown
I’ the middle and gavest away both parts, thou borest thy ass on thy back o’er
the dirt’</i>. Previously a relationship of master and slave, as Lear and the
Fool suffer together in the storm their roles change. The Fool becomes the
voice of wisdom and authority as Lear displays foolishness and eventually loses
his sanity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">All of the figures who accompany Lear in
the storm: Kent disguised as Caius, Edgar disguised as Poor Tom and the Fool,
help Lear to grow in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">self-awareness</b>
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">compassion</b> for others: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Poor Fool and knave, I have one part in my
heart/ That’s sorry yet for thee.’ </i>He begins to see the sufferings of
others and realise that as he was King for so long he bears responsibility: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">O I have ta’en too little care of this</i>!’
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">The next time we see Lear in Act 4 Sc 6 he
appears mad, dressed in wild flowers and talking in chaotic riddles. He also,
however, has spasmodic flashes of insight and wisdom about the world around
him: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">When we are born, we cry that we
are come To this great stage of fools.</i>’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">The ‘reason in madness’ paradox that
underlies the play is seen most clearly at this point.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Reunited with Cordelia he is utterly
humbled and, despite being imprisoned, is content so long as he is in her
company: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Come, let’s away to prison;/ We
two alone will sing like birds i’ the cage</i>.’ He has learned the value of
real love and is a better, wiser man for his sufferings. His punishment is
unfortunately not over and the death of Cordelia takes his last bit of strength
from him and he dies of a broken heart: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">No,
no, no life! Why should a dog, a horse, a rat, have life And thou no breath at
all?</i>’ It is this last cruelty of fate that perhaps does show a man ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">more sinned against than sinning.</i>’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 18.0pt;">Gloucester<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-CWatpyhlaHROx4qJyZprt9-vGsxfW_17XaifJl3ebQkmDXrpDK9GT0MSt4vpfyd1WJKgKfa83P3rr60PH-uKv9i-apIlbi3kgQ4c_wkAUVGGiwEx4M9hETUjigF0OBRRSBJKZU7qDQlK/s1600/gloucester.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-CWatpyhlaHROx4qJyZprt9-vGsxfW_17XaifJl3ebQkmDXrpDK9GT0MSt4vpfyd1WJKgKfa83P3rr60PH-uKv9i-apIlbi3kgQ4c_wkAUVGGiwEx4M9hETUjigF0OBRRSBJKZU7qDQlK/s1600/gloucester.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Gloucester’s story parallels Lear’s
throughout the play. The Earl of Gloucester was also a powerful but flawed man
and he also endures the cruelties of an ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ungrateful’</i>
child, Edmund. The opening scene of the play shows Kent and Gloucester
discussing the illegitimate Edmund. Gloucester is dismissive about the ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sport’</i> he had during Edmund’s conception
and immediately appears as a man of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">questionable
morality</b> utterly blind to his own fault.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">When Edmund initiates a plot against his
legitimate step-brother Edgar, Gloucester acts <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rashly</b>, failing to assess the situation and ascertain the truth: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Abhorred villian! Unnatural, detested,
brutish villain!</i>’ Like Lear he gives his child no opportunity to defend
himself and is <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gullible</b> to the lies
of those who want his power. Gloucester has a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">superstitious</b> nature and reads pessimistically into recent eclipses
(a possible reference to eclipses of the sun and the moon in 1605): ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">These late eclipses of the sun and moon
portend no good to us’</i>. In a way he represents medieval attitudes of
fatalism (believing all actions and events are subject to fate) which are contrasted
with Edmund’s more modern belief that people control their own destiny.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">As the play progresses and Goneril and
Regan’s true natures become apparent, Gloucester acts to defend Lear and begins
to display <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">noble</b> qualities. He
questions them when Kent is put in the stocks and later shows great <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">moral courage</b> in going out in the storm
to help Lear: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">If I die for it, as no
less is threatened me, the king my old master must be relieved</i>.’ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">He continues however to misplace his trust
in Edmund and when he returns from helping Lear he is accused of treason and
brutally assaulted. Goneril demands that they ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pluck out his eyes!</i>’ and Cornwall obliges in the most graphically
violent scene in the play: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Out vile
jelly!</i>’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Regan then reveals to him that it was Edmund
who betrayed him and thus at the moment of his physical blinding he finally
begins to see the truth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He instantly
repents his treatment of Edgar: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kind
gods forgive me that, and prosper him!</i>’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">His story continues to parallel Lear’s as
he is banished onto the heath and like Lear he is aided by someone loyal to
him: Edgar who, like Kent, keeps his identity secret. Gloucester falls into a
deep depression at the thought of his treatment of Edgar and asks ‘Poor Tom’ to
lead him to Dover where he can end his life: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">From that place I shall no leading need</i>.’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">In the course of their journey Gloucester
articulates some profound wisdom on the nature of human society: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘Distribution shall undo excess/And each man
have enough’</i>. Edgar tricks him into thinking he has fallen off a cliff but
miraculously survived in an effort to restore his desire to live: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The clearest gods, who make them honours Of
men’s impossibilities, have preserved thee</i>.’ He succeeds temporarily and
when Edgar finally reveals his identity Gloucester is comforted to know he has
been forgiven. The shock of all that has happened is too great for him and he
dies seemingly of a broken heart: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">But
his flawed heart, Alack too weak the conflict to support, ‘Twixt two extremes
of passion, joy and grief, Burst smilingly</i>.’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 18.0pt;">Goneril<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzdHyAwxzXNTd-9smZsIil_MuwZ6DFmWIa3hyphenhyphenlGLDPwPU8aHaH0QBPeGpdS_KqZYd-PjJrENsF34txCIvFMWsZOlR_aFUEPKFG_0MNMM0wAoNdxW-rp7RQONpTXa6xYcmBxILbKet4cAyq/s1600/goneril-and-regan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzdHyAwxzXNTd-9smZsIil_MuwZ6DFmWIa3hyphenhyphenlGLDPwPU8aHaH0QBPeGpdS_KqZYd-PjJrENsF34txCIvFMWsZOlR_aFUEPKFG_0MNMM0wAoNdxW-rp7RQONpTXa6xYcmBxILbKet4cAyq/s1600/goneril-and-regan.jpg" height="320" width="214" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -18pt;">Eldest of Lear’s daughters and
married to the Duke of Albany</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -18pt;">Unafraid to exert her power and
manipulate situations to her ends.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -18pt;">Clever, cunning and ruthless.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -18pt;">Opportunistic: ‘<i>I would breed from hence occasions</i>.’</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -18pt;">In the love test she declares
her love in lavish terms <i>‘I love thee
more than word can wield the </i></span><i style="text-indent: -18pt;">matter</i><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">.’</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -18pt;">Perceptive of Lear’s rash and
unpredictable behaviour – recognises the threat to her rule.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -18pt;">Cold and cynically pragmatic: ‘<i>We must do something and i’ the heat.</i>’</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -18pt;">Lays down the law with Lear and
his ‘<i>riotous knights’</i> - is determined
to dominate and control her father.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -18pt;">Lear calls her ‘<i>marble-hearted fiend’</i> and ‘<i>a detested kite</i>.’ (bird of prey)</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -18pt;">Views her husband as weak ‘<i>milky gentleness’</i> and sees nothing wrong
in committing adultery with Edmund.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -18pt;">Her cruelty becomes fully
visible when Lear is forced out into the storm: ‘<i>must needs taste his folly</i>.’</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -18pt;">Suggests the blinding of
Gloucester and is unsympathetic to his sufferings.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -18pt;">Later in the play her lust for Edmund
begins to override other considerations.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -18pt;">Albany eventually recognises
the depths of her malignity: ‘<i>Humanity
must perforce prey on itself/ Like monsters of the deep</i>.’</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -18pt;">Becomes consumed with passion
for power and for Edmund. – is terrified Regan will steam him after Cornwall’s
death. She’d prefer to ‘<i>lose the battle
than that sister Should loosen him and me</i>.’</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -18pt;">Poisons Regan out of jealousy
and when she realises Edmund will not be King she kills herself.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="text-indent: -18pt;">Audience has little sympathy
for her at the ending of the play.</span></li>
</ul>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 18.0pt;">Regan</span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Second daughter of Lear<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Similar to Goneril in mentality
and disposition – governed by
self-interest.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Displays a vindictive quality –
extends Kent’s sentence ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Till night, my
Lord and all night too.</i>’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Lear calls her ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">unnatural hag.</i>’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Declares that Gloucester should
be hanged and mocks him before
Cornwall gouges out an eye – she demands the other also ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">One side will mock another Th’other too!’</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Taunts Gloucester with Edmund’s
betrayal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">When a servant attacks Cornwall
she takes a sword and kills him,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Throws Gloucester out and
suggests he should ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">smell his way to
Dover.</i>’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Shows no grief over death of
her husband, lusts after Edmund.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Jealous of Goneril- Edmund says
: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">each jealous of the other as the stung
are of the adder.</i>’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Poisoned by Goneril – audience
feel little sympathy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvSVMbP3-piQRwymwsroTHABlHkIBtO0oKl4GBveDXW8XTdp3-Ly4bSTdSHEkuQRAb50q_4DCFPVCNVlX1X3cuVLbQQyJONesrTC50THDKCUMHRmz-nubKWZShGHQAVcw1e8tiKpBCVB6j/s1600/Cordelia_-_William_Frederick_Yeames.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvSVMbP3-piQRwymwsroTHABlHkIBtO0oKl4GBveDXW8XTdp3-Ly4bSTdSHEkuQRAb50q_4DCFPVCNVlX1X3cuVLbQQyJONesrTC50THDKCUMHRmz-nubKWZShGHQAVcw1e8tiKpBCVB6j/s1600/Cordelia_-_William_Frederick_Yeames.jpg" height="320" width="227" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 18.0pt;">Cordelia<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Name means ‘heart’ or possibly
‘heart of a lion’ (coeur de lion) </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span lang="EN-GB"> symbol of
true love.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Lear’s youngest daughter –
origin texts have her having a different mother to Goneril and Regan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Frustrated my her sister’s lies
she refuse to participate in the ‘love test’: ‘What shall Cordelia speak? Love
and be silent.’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Sincere and honest – her
husband will have half her love: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Why
have my sister’s husbands, if they say They love you all?</i>’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Lear’s favourite and so he
reacts to, as he perceives it, rude behaviour with fury: ‘They truth then by
thou dower.’ He refuses to give her a dowry and banishes her.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Fortunately France recognises
her virtues and marries her anyway.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">She’s wise: ‘Time shall unfold
what plighted cunning hides.’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">The Fool loved her: ‘The Fool
hath much pined away.’ Characters seem to be linked.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">She’s absent from the play
after Act 1 Sc 1 until Act 4 Sc 3 where we hear about her reaction to the news
of Lear’s sufferings – she wept: ‘holy water from her heavenly eyes.’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Compassionate to Lear’s
insanity and forgiving: ‘No blown ambition doth our arms incite/ But love, dear
love and our aged father’s right.’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Selfless character, loving and
merciful. Lear says: ‘Thou art a soul in bliss but I am bound upon a wheel of
fire.’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Imagery of redemption and
Christianity are associated with her.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">In prison Cordelia and Lear are
content in each other’s company. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">We are not the first <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Who with
best meaning have incurred the worst <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>For thee
oppressed King, am I cast down;<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Myself could
else outfrown false Fortune’s frown</span></i><span lang="EN-GB">.’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Edmund bribes a guard to kill
Cordelia and make it look like suicide.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Is Cordelia’s death
gratuitious? (It is absent from other versions)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Lear subsequently dies of a
broken heart.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP_W7FenjHo0KCoCkCUMPDXXhZshClQO6PscqpTIgtNYpTN3b4mvQnNR2J-5Wlsj5Q3cN6N4AjN34hyphenhyphenTlaJcSa3e6fp06WuPhOl7ahYwAp-BVw-elZwJXU3cZz460b1WqY-mZZgDIGnflP/s1600/Edmund.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP_W7FenjHo0KCoCkCUMPDXXhZshClQO6PscqpTIgtNYpTN3b4mvQnNR2J-5Wlsj5Q3cN6N4AjN34hyphenhyphenTlaJcSa3e6fp06WuPhOl7ahYwAp-BVw-elZwJXU3cZz460b1WqY-mZZgDIGnflP/s1600/Edmund.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 18.0pt;">Edmund<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Illegitimate son of the Earl of
Gloucester.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Bitter about his lowly ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">base’</i> position in society.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Hates his brother Edgar for
being legitimate and therefore in line to inherit his father’s land and title<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Code of values is Pagan: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Thou Nature are my Goddess’</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Amoral, fueled by self-interest<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Despises goodness: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">foolish honesty’</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Views his father as weak and
superstitious: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">an admirable evasion of
whoremaster man, to lay his goatish disposition to the charge of a star.</i>’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Machiavellian figure – clever
and ruthless: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Let me, if not by birth,
have lands by wit</i>.’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Sociopath? Doesn’t appear to
have a conscience for most of the play.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Handsome and charming – both
Goneril and Regan are attracted to him. He has affairs with both but does not
truly love them – using them as pawns: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Let
her who would be rid of him devise His speedy taking off.</i>’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Treatment of his father
parallels Goneril and Regans treatment of Lear: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The younger rise when the old doth fall.’</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Allies with Cornwall to get his
father’s title but his ambition rises to the throne of England.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">No sympathy when Goneril and
Regan die: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Yet Edmund was belov’d’</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Bribes a guard to kill Cordelia
and make it look like suicide.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">When fatally wounded by Edgar
he undergoes a change of heart and says he will do some good but it comes to
late to save Cordelia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 16.0pt;">Edgar</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYsXWXMag-Xso7fX840EUXv3_gOticpM3g8FBalXCgoJIzQajI5PCEd6Pqm7TI_S-a-uaNfTOmmSlWBOk7FxnlDRSEchvH1XnBpOeh9stpV9SIbxIyL0AUDK43iClHYpH39J_sAbzw_MOT/s1600/Edgar.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYsXWXMag-Xso7fX840EUXv3_gOticpM3g8FBalXCgoJIzQajI5PCEd6Pqm7TI_S-a-uaNfTOmmSlWBOk7FxnlDRSEchvH1XnBpOeh9stpV9SIbxIyL0AUDK43iClHYpH39J_sAbzw_MOT/s1600/Edgar.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Loyal, honest and selfless
(mirrors character of Cordelia)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Also naïve and gullible –
trusts Edmund -<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">a brother noble..on whose foolish honesty my practices ride easy</i>.’
(Edmund)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">As a result of Edmund’s
plotting and his banishment he chooses to disguise himself as ‘Poor Tom’, a
Bedlam beggar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Pretends to be mad which feeds
into the theme of ‘reason in madness’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Shakespeare uses him as a
choric commentator and social satirist of injustices at the time. ‘</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">When we our betters see bearing our woes, We
scarcely think our miseries our foes.<b>...</b></span></i><b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">’</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">He becomes a catalyst for
Lear’s madness – inspires Lear to strip away the vestiges of civilisation – to
see man as an animal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Shows great sympathy for his
blinded father and helps him: ‘</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">The
worst is not So long as we can say 'This is the worst.’</span></i><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Reveals Edmund’s adultery to Albany and
bravely challenges Edmund to a duel and kills him.</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 16.0pt;">The Fool<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBWQOujFIj-Am6Mg6lPK0dPhjGROaP42AIEMr9Zn-RsMCRbfX4AvICQbUqthGyTzWUurP87vq870IVBw1g5H1u4MZuLWreGfY9yRc1TirS7_gUs5HWPxmGkstIdIYyBjI4HW8lFQFjNUyH/s1600/The+Fool.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBWQOujFIj-Am6Mg6lPK0dPhjGROaP42AIEMr9Zn-RsMCRbfX4AvICQbUqthGyTzWUurP87vq870IVBw1g5H1u4MZuLWreGfY9yRc1TirS7_gUs5HWPxmGkstIdIYyBjI4HW8lFQFjNUyH/s1600/The+Fool.jpg" height="320" width="213" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Traditionally a court jester or
entertainer for the King – can get away with saying more than most in guise of
humour.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Lear’s Fool represents
Truth/Honesty/Wisdom </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span lang="EN-GB"> Lear’s conscience.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Relates to theme of ‘reason in
madness’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">He dramatises the nature of
folly but also the nature of wisdom.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Calls a Lear a fool ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sweet and bitter fool’, ‘the one in motley
here/The other found out there.’ </i>Points out Lear’s mistake: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Thou has little wit in thy bald crown when
thou gavest thy golden one away</i>.’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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keep a school master that can teach thy fool to lie. I would fain learn to lie</i>.’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Lear: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I will tarry, the fool will stay
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perdy</i>.’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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were Lear’s favourites – he expects indulgence from them but instead gets
brutal honesty.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Ms Dobbynhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00916495409407094753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2412953763102163084.post-15177502485741798122015-02-17T12:01:00.000-08:002015-02-17T12:02:11.780-08:00John Donne<i>This article first appeared in the Irish Independent's Written Word supplement in January 2015.</i><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">John Donne (b. 1572) was the son of a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>successful London merchant who died when
Donne was only 4 years old.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His family
were ‘recusant’ Roman Catholics which means they remained loyal to the Catholic
Church despite being persecuted by the English crown for so doing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Donne attended Oxford University from the
very young age of 11 and also studied in Cambridge but he could not received a
degree from either institution as he would have had to swear an oath against
his faith if he had.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">In 1601, Donne secretly married Anne More,
with whom he had twelve children. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Anne
died tragically at the age of 33 giving birth to their twelfth child who was
stillborn. In 1615, he became an </span><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Anglican</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"> priest because </span><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">King James I</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"> persistently ordered him to do so. In 1621, he was appointed the </span><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Dean of St
Paul's</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"> Cathedral in London. He also served as a
member of parliament in 1601 and in 1614.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">His poems are noted for their passionate,
sensual style and include </span><span lang="EN-GB"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sonnets</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">, religious poems, love poems, elegies, satires, Latin translations and
sermons. The Leaving Cert course features a representative collection of both
serious and humorous love poems and a selection of his ‘holy sonnets’ where he
addresses God directly.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Donne's style is characterised by abrupt
openings and various paradoxes, ironies and dislocations. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Batter My Heart</i> demonstrates his use of paradox clearly. In it his
soul can only be redeemed by being destroyed: ‘break, blow, burn and make me
new’ and the speaker can only find freedom through imprisonment by God: ‘Take
me to You, imprison me, for I, Except You enthrall me, never shall be free.’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">He is particularly famous for his mastery of
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">metaphysical </b></span><span lang="EN-GB"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">conceits</span></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"> or </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">extended metaphors. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Flea</i>
the starring insect is compared to a church where the poet and his love have
been married:</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOLqxjiVTx6D-DHq4d-TTGTPX8XJw6sxUnoIQfKegubtSUuzE9CjSQ8A1vsqzV9Wp6nEOv9tmAfYAZUKoFstpZCxiVc7xLVpQ0uQJpb7CG9gYjMSZGVqlnanTAw2uNwpbm38dmu25ti-qP/s1600/the+flea.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOLqxjiVTx6D-DHq4d-TTGTPX8XJw6sxUnoIQfKegubtSUuzE9CjSQ8A1vsqzV9Wp6nEOv9tmAfYAZUKoFstpZCxiVc7xLVpQ0uQJpb7CG9gYjMSZGVqlnanTAw2uNwpbm38dmu25ti-qP/s1600/the+flea.jpg" height="320" width="225" /></a></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">This flea is you and I, and this</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Our marriage bed, and marriage temple
is; </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Though parents grudge, and you, w'are
met, </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">And cloistered in these living walls of jet.</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Another example of a conceit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>features in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Thou Hast Made Me</i> where God is compared to a magnet that will draw
the poet up to Heaven: ‘And Thou like adamant draw mine iron heart.’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Romantic
Love<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Much of Donne’s poetry concerns love between men
and women both as a physical bond as in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Flea</i> and as a deeper more emotional bond in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Anniversary</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Sun
Rising</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A Valediction: Forbidding
Mourning</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">The
Flea</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"> deals simply with the act of seduction. The
poet’s goal is to lure a young woman to his bed and he will make any argument
that might help him succeed, including that a flea has already mixed their
blood so why are they waiting?! <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Yet this enjoys before it
woo…<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>And
this, alas, is more than we would do.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">The
Flea</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"> demonstrates a one-dimensional view of love
that consists purely of carnal lust but it has a teasing, humorous tone and
isn’t supposed to be taken too seriously. </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A
Valediction: Forbidding Mourning</i> he argues that the love he shares with his
wife is not merely physical but involves a merging of souls: ‘Our two souls,
therefore, which are one.’ He compares their souls to the feet of a single
compass<span style="color: #333333;">. </span>His lover’s soul is the fixed foot
in the center, and his is the foot that moves around it. The firmness of the
center foot makes the circle that the outer foot draws perfect: “Thy firmness
makes my circle just, / And makes me end, where I begun.” He sees their love as
eternal and permanent, a message which is repeated in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Anniverarie</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Sun
Rising</i>. In these poems love is a deep bond between two people that
transcends time and is uneffected by the passing seasons: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Only our love hath no
decay;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span> This no tomorrow hath, nor
yesterday,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span> Running it never runs from
us away,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>But truly keeps his
first, last, everlasting day.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-no-proof: yes;">The Sun Rising</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-no-proof: yes;"> demonstrates Donne’s use of hyperbole to emphasise the strength and power
of his love. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">He states that love, “no
season knows, nor clime, / Nor hours, days, months, which are the rags of
time”. Also he claims that his love affair brings them such happiness that
kings and princes are but pretending to be as happy as them: ‘</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Princes do but play us’<span style="mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"> and that the
whole world is contained within their bedroom:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Shine here to us, and thou art everywhere;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">This bed thy centre is, these walls thy sphere.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Sin
and Redemption<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Donne’s later poetry, written when he was dean
of St Paul’s Cathedral, is concerned greatly with religious themes, especially
those of sin and redemption. His three ‘Holy Sonnets’ on the Leaving Cert.
course all explore these themes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Batter
my Heart </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>he uses very striking
conceits to depict the threat of sin in his life. Sin has hijacked his heart
like invaders taking over a town, sin traps him like a woman betrothed to her
true love’s enemy. He begs God to fight for him for it is only in God’s grace he
can be free from sin:<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Divorce me, untie or break that knot again,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Take me to you, imprison me, for I,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Except you enthrall me, never shall be free,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">He also feels weighed down with sin in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Thou Hast Made Me</i>: ‘</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">my feebled flesh doth waste/ By sin in it, which it towards hell doth
weigh.’ He depicts himself as being weak and unable to fight temptation without
God’s help. In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">At the Round Earth’s
Imagined Corners </i>he begs for more time before Judgement Day to make himself
worthy of salvation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Teach me how to repent; for that's as good<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">As if thou'hadst seal'd my pardon with thy blood.</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Death<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">As many poets do, Donne explores the theme of
death in great depth. In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Thou Hast Made
Me</i> he questions why God created man only to destroy him later: ‘</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Thou hast made me, and shall thy work decay?’ This poem vivdly captures
the frailty and indignity of old age with ‘dim eyes’ and ‘feeble flesh’. He is
terrified of death and feels that his soul has been </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">corrupted with
sin and hell may await him after death: ‘Despair behind, and death before doth
cast/ Such terror’.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">At the Round Earth’s Imagined
Corners </i>he considers all who have died since the dawn of time and paints a
dramatic picture of Judgement Day when, according to the Bible, the souls of
the dead will return to their bodies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">At the round earth's imagin'd corners, blow<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Your trumpets, angels, and arise, arise<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">From death, you numberless infinities<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Of souls, and to your scatter'd bodies go;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">If he can repent
and stay close to God he feels that death will hold no fear for him and begs
God for help in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Thou Hast Made Me: </i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Thy grace may wing me to prevent his [the devil] art<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>And
Thou like adamant draw mine iron heart.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Regarded as one of
the greatest poets of the sixteenth century, John Donne explored both the
deeply spiritual and the raw physical aspects of life. His clear expression of
inner conflict and passion for life remains vivid and relevant four hundred
years on.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Ms Dobbynhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00916495409407094753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2412953763102163084.post-2601384575270636152015-02-17T11:49:00.001-08:002015-06-16T02:05:37.932-07:00Robert Frost<i>This article first appeared in the Irish Independent's Written Word supplement in January 2015.</i><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn09HmV6U7rdWksbW0AlFlu5AhgLm5Z26zwH5B6mV9sTCuDPTECvYJu_On2KO-VfQlsrpAnUTgqm96Kt-B_jj1bPIlgSICVNOG5QVTuBk_I9RfabWvR5bSWfXJH0r5parhT46I27cjs3SK/s1600/Robert-Frost-016.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn09HmV6U7rdWksbW0AlFlu5AhgLm5Z26zwH5B6mV9sTCuDPTECvYJu_On2KO-VfQlsrpAnUTgqm96Kt-B_jj1bPIlgSICVNOG5QVTuBk_I9RfabWvR5bSWfXJH0r5parhT46I27cjs3SK/s1600/Robert-Frost-016.jpg" width="320" /></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13pt;">Robert Frost was born in San Francisco in 1874
but is remembered as a New England, East Coast American poet. The Frost family
moved east following the early death of his father, who was an alcoholic. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13pt;">Frost attended Dartmouth College and later Harvard, but never gained a
formal degree. He went on to teach and also worked in a mill and as a newspaper
reporter. He didn’t enjoy these jobs, however, feeling his truly calling was as
a poet.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Frost
is regarded as one of America's leading 20th-century poets and was a four-time
winner of the Pulitzer Prize. He is often called a ‘pastoral poet’, a poet who explores
the benevolent effects of nature and country life and he does clearly express
the beauty of the New England landscape in many of his poems. He also, however,
explores the nature of humanity and human relationships in great depth
including the darker, gloomier side of life.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">In
the course of this article I will explore four themes: nature, everyday life, communication
and youth versus maturity, and Frost’s distinctive style.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Nature<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Frost
is famed for his representations of the New England countryside where he lived.
His descriptions vividly capture rural settings across many different seasons,
for example, his description of the icy debris left after an ice storm: ‘Such
heaps of broken glass to sweep away/ You’d think the inner dome of heaven had
fallen.’ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">He
often uses natural settings as ‘jumping off’ points for exploring deeper
philisophical issues. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Tuft of Flowers</i>
explores our shared humanity and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Birches </i>explores
the idea of escape from the life’s troubles. The speaker in these poems
receives consolation and inspiration from nature.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">There
is sometimes a darker side to nature depicted in Frost’s poems. In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mending Wall</i> nature is associated with
dark, supernatural forces; ‘elves’, that repeatedly destroy what man creates.
In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Design</i> he reminds us that the
world is full of dangerous predators as he describes a spider killing a moth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Everyday Life<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Frost is very interested in the activities of
everyday life, because it is this aspect of humanity that is the most
"real" to him. Even the most basic act in a normal day can have
numerous hidden meanings that need only to be explored by a poetic mind. For
example, in the poem <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mending Wall</i>,
the simple act of fixing a stone wall is transformed into an exploration of the
need for and purpose of man-made barriers. : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Before I built a wall
I’d ask to know <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>What I was walling in
and walling out,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Frost believed that the emphasis on everyday
life allowed him to communicate with his readers more clearly because they
could empathize with the struggles that are expressed in his poems and come to
their own conclusions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Communication <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Communication, or the lack thereof, is also a
significant theme in several of Frost's poems on the Leaving Cert course. He
sees it as the only possible escape from the isolation and despair inherent in
modern day life. Unfortunately, Frost also makes it clear that communication is
extremely difficult to achieve. Frost explores this theme in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acquainted with the Night</i>, in which the speaker
is unable to pull himself out of his depression because he cannot bring himself
even to make eye contact with those around him: “and dropped my eyes, unwilling
to explain.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Sometimes communication is easier to achieve
even in the absence of the other person as in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Tuft of Flowers</i>. As the speaker works turning the grass he
notices ‘a leaping tongue of bloom the scythe had spared’ and feels a deep
connection to the mower who had cut the grass earlier that morning.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They had both considered the needs of the
butterfly and he concludes: “Men work together… Whether they work together or
apart.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyfg69798YDyzN0ZojGVSf6Rm-4wgxhbFGTOLaGowcnfalDyykUd7SLKg0-NS99x_UWfxxRFM5Gn0doEg_qjeCzRj_NeUtXUVgHZv0DO0gqIeOfXJyPAi4XrvDA5qMEE47V0AY5aktzCf6/s1600/RobertFrostStamp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyfg69798YDyzN0ZojGVSf6Rm-4wgxhbFGTOLaGowcnfalDyykUd7SLKg0-NS99x_UWfxxRFM5Gn0doEg_qjeCzRj_NeUtXUVgHZv0DO0gqIeOfXJyPAi4XrvDA5qMEE47V0AY5aktzCf6/s1600/RobertFrostStamp.jpg" width="205" /></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Youth versus Maturity<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">The adult figures in Frost’s poetry are
burdened with a rational, practical approach to life but occasionally the world
of imagination and youth calls to them. For example, in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Birches</i>, the narrator wishes that he could climb a birch tree as he
did in his childhood and leave the rational world behind, if only for a brief moment.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>So was I once myself a
swinger of birches.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>And so I dream of going
back to be..<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">This ability to escape rationality and indulge
in the liberation of imagination seems confined to childhood. After reaching
adulthood, the habits of modern life require strict practicality and an
acceptance of responsibility. As a result of this conflict, Frost makes the
poem <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Out, Out--</i> even more tragic,
describing a young boy who is forced to leave his childhood behind to work at a
man's job and ultimately dies in the process: ‘big boy/ Doing a man’s work,
though a child at heart.’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Style<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Frost’s
style of verse is quite traditional with many of his poems written in blank
verse [unrhyming iambic pentameter] with a strict rhyming pattern. Frost also liked
to write poetry in the language he heard spoken everyday. The many colloquial
phrases in his poetry show this aspect of his style and makes his poetry feel
modern: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Call
it a day, I wish they might have said<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>To
please the boy by giving him the half hour<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>That
a boy counts so much when saved from work.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">In
many of his poems, his rhythm is based on the way the human voice groups or
assembles words and sounds in spoken language. While many of his poems have a
regular amount of syllables and would fit into a traditional system of poetic metre,
it is better to listen for the rhythm of the everyday speaking voice in Frost’s
poems.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Frost,
therefore, is a blend of the traditional and modern poet, exploring traditional
and modern themes and using traditional poetic forms and his own innovative
techniques to capture the modern voice. John F Kennedy said of him: </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">“he has bequeathed his nation a body of imperishable verse from which
Americans will forever gain joy and understanding” and he continues to be the
most popular American poet of the twentieth century both in the US and around
the world.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Ms Dobbynhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00916495409407094753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2412953763102163084.post-91346536975745082992015-02-11T11:13:00.000-08:002015-02-12T00:31:58.436-08:00Othello – Still Relevant in 2015?<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw9T0iqRui7MgaetaRo3wTjn9VLXK6w_6wQczS5jm9TbC6kRMSvI5ynMFTazKViyW-RD6Qet-j7TG9L9lpwCzB55NsRmV0p60qu15IRCyQebv5hZ9zHYjZdShuRmqkggxtOpcSqQNJ746N/s1600/Othelloiagomovie.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw9T0iqRui7MgaetaRo3wTjn9VLXK6w_6wQczS5jm9TbC6kRMSvI5ynMFTazKViyW-RD6Qet-j7TG9L9lpwCzB55NsRmV0p60qu15IRCyQebv5hZ9zHYjZdShuRmqkggxtOpcSqQNJ746N/s1600/Othelloiagomovie.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
<i>This article first appeared in the Irish Independent's Written Word supplement in January 2015.</i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Courier;">William Shakespeare’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Othello</i> was first performed for the court of King James I in London
in 1604 and was an extremely popular play throughout the seventeenth century.
Why is it, however, that are we still studying this play over four hundred
years later? In my view the reasons are two-fold: the fascinating characters
that haunt its pages and the universal themes that remain a feature of human
society to this day.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2412953763102163084" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Courier;">Othello, the valiant general who worked his
way up to a respected position in Venetian society despite being a Moor and
Desdamona, the tender, graceful daughter of a Venetian senator who married a
Moor without her father’s knowledge are both characters with great depth. They,
along with characters like Cassio and Emilia, have a mix of nobility and
weakness that makes them appear truly human and thus easy for the audience to
identify with. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Courier;">Iago, the sinister, manipulative and possibly
sociopathic ensign on the other hand, seems to have no redeeming features, feeding
off other people’s weaknesses and going so far as to murder his own wife. His
unwillingness to explain his horrific actions have made him a fascinating
enigma for audiences for centuries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We
never truly learn why he did what he did: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Courier;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Demand me nothing: what you know, you know:<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Courier;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>From this time forth I
never will speak word.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Courier;">The central themes of the play: prejudice,
jealousy and love, are issues that have remained vitally relevant in human
society.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>People still struggle to find
love, to keep relationships alive through hard times and to understand and
relate to people who are very different to themselves whether through cultural,
religious or racial differences.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Courier;">Ireland, over the past twenty years has become
a multicultural society with a vast amount of immigration from countries such
as Poland, Nigeria, Lithuania and the Phillipines.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a society we’ve had to face up to our
prejudice towards certain communities and institute laws against it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Othello, too, was an immigrant working in a
foreign country and is the victim of racist slurs from his own ensign, Iago: “old
black ram”, “thick lips” etc. His relationship with Desdamona is questioned by
her father and it is only with articulate humility and dignified restraint that
Othello proves himself worthy to Brabantio.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Courier;">Love and jealousy also remain key elements of
the human condition. We are deeply programmed to find a partner to love and
feel deeply hurt if we think they love someone else.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The ‘green-eyed monster’ can eat people up
inside and, fueled by Iago’s malicious lies, Othello falls into its clutches in
the worst possible way. The audience cannot help but feel some sympathy for Othello
as his love for Desdamona is destroyed by Iago. Overall <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Othello </i>inspires a strong emotional reaction in an audience and it
is this emotional reaction that keeps people flocking to productions to this
day.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Ms Dobbynhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00916495409407094753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2412953763102163084.post-63743729646988275842014-11-28T13:44:00.001-08:002014-11-28T13:45:02.501-08:00The Language of Persuasion<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo8aRqkf_hP6z5FPRjhtAPR1BH5PCq2jN_hcKxFlHWWX5D011YdXsZ9ci-arEUaEy1HbbLnO3yNTaO7G-Gu-ntSgrEnXBNpsqQ9P4lJYiXAUlLrUCfVse4EvYwd6p3xKjLe-XV8QZFltq7/s1600/obama.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo8aRqkf_hP6z5FPRjhtAPR1BH5PCq2jN_hcKxFlHWWX5D011YdXsZ9ci-arEUaEy1HbbLnO3yNTaO7G-Gu-ntSgrEnXBNpsqQ9P4lJYiXAUlLrUCfVse4EvYwd6p3xKjLe-XV8QZFltq7/s1600/obama.jpg" height="211" width="320" /></a></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Persuasion is
the process of trying to convince other people of your point of view using <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">manipulation</b> or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">appealing to the emotions</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">It can be
found in:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 126.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Advertising<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 126.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Political
Speeches<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 126.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Film Reviews<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 126.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Marketing
journals<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixiNngJwT_4l4Pi-9xlTsargmA7HpaQWhvA16RKg_hsgME3hiLiq8SlVBU-BbUVXuJTVyAZXDX8hPLXZKDQRLJpSV29xUTpl994SPQzIRu6JMOH9v_7gzYtBx22lyTkDDCqG4I18KIwZCS/s1600/michelin-baby-ad.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixiNngJwT_4l4Pi-9xlTsargmA7HpaQWhvA16RKg_hsgME3hiLiq8SlVBU-BbUVXuJTVyAZXDX8hPLXZKDQRLJpSV29xUTpl994SPQzIRu6JMOH9v_7gzYtBx22lyTkDDCqG4I18KIwZCS/s1600/michelin-baby-ad.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">ß</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"> Look at the ad. on the left.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Who
is the target audience? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 13pt;">How
is Michelin trying to persuade them to buy their product?</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 15.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 15.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 15.0pt;">Ad Slogans: Name the product!<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">‘Because you’re
worth it..’<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">‘When you care
enough to send the very best’ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">‘The best a man
can get’<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">‘Impossible is
nothing’ <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">‘Open happiness’<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Persuasive
Techniques<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Attention-grabbing opening</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"> – you might say something shocking or use a good
quotation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Appeal to the emotions</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"> – you want to make your audience feel something. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Use of the personal ‘I’ or ‘We’ to include
the audience</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Repetition</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">: used to emphasise a point or create drama. Eg ‘I have a dream’ ‘Yes we
can’.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Imagery</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">:
can help the audience visualise what you are describing. Eg children joining
hands in ‘I have a dream speech’.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Contrast</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">:
Describing both a pleasant and unpleasant scene can help an audience understand
your point.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Humour</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">:
can help win an audience over.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Rhetorical questions:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"> a question where the answer is so obvious that there
is no need to respond – grabs attention and emphasises a point. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">‘How can something that’s so good taste so great?’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Epigrams – </span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">short, witty, memorable lines.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 18.0pt;">Barack Obama’s New Hampshire
Primary Speech<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 15.2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">For when we have faced down impossible odds, when we've been told we're
not ready or that we shouldn't try or that we can't, generations of Americans
have responded with a simple creed that sums up the spirit of a people: Yes, we
can. Yes, we can. Yes, we can.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 15.2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">It was a creed written into the founding documents that declared the
destiny of a nation: Yes, we can. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 15.2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">It was whispered by slaves and abolitionists as they blazed a trail
towards freedom through the darkest of nights: Yes, we can.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 15.2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">It was sung by immigrants as they struck out from distant shores and
pioneers who pushed westward against an unforgiving wilderness: Yes, we can.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 15.2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">It was the call of workers who organized, women who reached for the
ballot, a president who chose the moon as our new frontier, and a king who took
us to the mountaintop and pointed the way to the promised land: Yes, we can, to
justice and equality.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Yes,
we can, to opportunity and prosperity. Yes, we can heal this nation. Yes, we
can repair this world. Yes, we can.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
Ms Dobbynhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00916495409407094753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2412953763102163084.post-13434449927034479822014-11-21T11:50:00.000-08:002014-11-21T11:51:14.526-08:00Narrative Language<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -18pt;">To narrate simply means </span><b style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -18pt;">to tell a story</b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -18pt;">. It can be fiction or non-fiction.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">We find narrative language in:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Autobiographies/Biographies<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Travel writing<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Diaries<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Novels/Short stories.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Plays/Film Scripts<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Features of
Narrative Writing:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -18pt;">Narratives
generally have a <b>beginning, middle and
end</b>.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -18pt;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -18pt;">Most are set
in the <b>past tense.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -18pt;">Setting,
character and action are all very important.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -18pt;">Good
narration will have lots of <b>descriptive
detail</b></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-size: 19px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 21px;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[endif]--><b style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"> Different types of narrator: </span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">1<sup>st</sup>
person (I), <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">3<sup>rd</sup>
person Limited, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">3<sup>rd</sup>
person Omniscient – all seeing, all knowing – can give thoughts of multiple
characters.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">In a first-person story, a character in the story
tells the story and in the third-person, an outside narrator tells the story. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Keep in mind that first-person narrators can
only tell what they know (which will be limited to what they see firsthand or
are told by others), while third-person narrators can either know everything
(omniscient) and explore every character’s thoughts, or be limited to only that
which can be observed (limited).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Samples</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">First person narration:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">When I was a child, I believed everything adults
told me. I had blind and unquestioning faith in my parents and siblings and
took them at their word. I believed my sister when she told me that Chipsticks
were addicitive and warily steered clear of them in the shops, running away
from anyone who offered me a Chipstick in the school playground…those pushers,
I would not succumb.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I’d seen people go
to three packets a day and I didn’t have the pocket money to sustain that kind
of habit and, before you know it, I would have been raiding the copper box on
the mantelpiece for the 8p to buy the bags in secret – that was one slippery
slope that I was not prepared to slide down.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">By Aoife Duggan from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A Page in the Life: True Stories</i> from RTE’s The Marian Finucane
Shoe.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 10.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Third Person Narration
(Limited)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 10.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 10.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #343434; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Harry had taken up his place at
wizard school, where he and his scar were famous ...but now the school year was
over, and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer, back to being treated
like a dog that had rolled in something smelly.</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #343434; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #343434; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The Dursleys hadn't even remembered that
today happened to be Harry's twelfth birthday. Of course, his hopes hadn't been
high.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Third Person Narration (Omniscient)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Times; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Margaret, the
eldest of the four, was sixteen, and very pretty, being plump and fair, with
large eyes, plenty of soft brown hair, a sweet mouth, and white hands, of which
she was rather vain. Fifteen-year-old Jo was very tall, thin, and brown, and
reminded one of a colt, for she never seemed to know what to do with her long
limbs, which were very much in her way. Elizabeth, or Beth, as everyone called
her, was a rosy, smooth-haired, bright-eyed girl of thirteen, with a shy
manner, a timid voice, and a peaceful expression which was seldom disturbed.
Amy, though the youngest, was a most important person, in her own opinion at
least. </span></i><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">From <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Little
Women</i> by Louisa May Alcott<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Short Stories<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">In the
composition section there will be an option to demonstrate narrative writing by
composing a short story on a given topic.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>A quotation from one of the Texts on Paper 1 will inspire it but you
must focus on the task given rather than the quotation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">For example in the 2104 paper this
featured:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1. “It is about the ghost-life that
hovers over the furniture of our lives...” (TEXT 3)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Write a short story in which a ghostly
presence plays a significant part.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Composing a coherent short story in 70 minutes in an
exam is very challenging and I would only recommend students who are
enthusiastic creative writers to take it on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>If you do think the short story might be the option for you then you
need to practice writing them on a range of topics.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">SHOW</span></b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"> don’t <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">TELL.</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 16.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">The
most important thing to remember is to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">show</b>
your story rather than to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tell</b> your
story. What’s </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">the difference between the two? Well,
"telling" is the reliance on simple exposition: <i>Mary was an old
woman.</i> "Showing," on the other hand, is the use of evocative
description: <i>Mary moved slowly across the room, her hunched form supported
by a polished wooden cane gripped in a gnarled, swollen-jointed hand that was
covered by translucent, liver-spotted skin.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 16.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Both showing and telling convey the same
information — Mary is old — but the former simply states it flat-out,
and the latter — well, read the example over again and you'll see it never
actually states that fact at all, and yet nonetheless leaves no doubt about it
in the reader's mind.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 16.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Why is showing better? Two reasons. First, it
creates mental pictures for the reader. When reviewers use terms like
"vivid," "evocative," or "cinematic" to describe
a piece of prose, they really mean the writer has succeeded at showing, rather
than merely telling.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 16.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Second, showing is interactive and
participatory: it forces the reader to become involved in the story, deducing
facts (such as Mary's age) for himself or herself, rather than just taking
information in passively. Simply – it is more enjoyable for the reader.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 18.0pt;">Structuring your Short Story<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Short Stories
generally adhere to the following structure:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Exposition<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"> Development </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"> Crisis </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Climax </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">
Resolution<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Exposition
(Introduction)</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Establishing setting and characters – create a
specific space and time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Describe
the place where your story begins.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">What
is life like for people there?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Give
the year/month/season/time of day or night.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Who
are your main characters? Give them names.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Raise
questions for your reader.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Development</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Develop the plot with some of the following options:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">A
problem to solve<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Conflict
between characters<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">A
quest<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Have
your characters grow or develop in some way.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Crisis
(Trigger)</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Shake-up your story with something surprising…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">An
event out of the control of the protagonist<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Reveal
some interesting facts about your characters so the reader cares about them in
some way.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Climax<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Build up the tension to a dramatic climax<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Have
main characters have to make a critical choice<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">This
is the highest point of drama in the story<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Resolution</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Bring the story to an end with a satisfactory
resolution:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Have a
reversal in the fortune of the main characters <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Resolve
conflict or problem <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Give
the reader a sense of a proper ending<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Have a
surprising twist that catches the reader off guard.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Final Tip<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Limit the breadth of your story.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">A novel can occur over millions of years and include a
multitude of subplots, a variety of locations, and an army of supporting
characters. The main events of a short story should occur in a relatively short
period of time (days or even minutes), and you typically won’t be able to
develop effectively more than one plot, two or three main characters, and one
setting.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #424242; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Suggested
Short Story Reading:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“The Telltale Heart” by Edgar Allan Poe.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">"The Celebrated Jumping Frog of
Calaveras County", by Mark Twain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty",
by James Thurber<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">"A Sound of Thunder", by Ray
Bradbury<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“Harrison Bergeron” by Kurt Vonnegut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">"Three Questions", by Leo Tolstoy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“Man from the South” by Roald Dahl<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“The Nightingale and the Rose” by Oscar
Wilde.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">"Brokeback Mountain", by Annie Proulx<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">"Do Androids Dream of Electric
Sheep", by Philip K. Dick<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“I, Robot", by Issac Asimov
(collection)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">"Steps", by Jerzy Kosinski
(collection)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #424242; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="color: #424242; font-size: 13pt;"> </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Some
sample openings:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">THE YEAR WAS 2081, and everybody was finally
equal. They weren't only equal before God and the law. They were equal every
which way. Nobody was smarter than anybody else. Nobody was better looking than
anybody else. Nobody was stronger or quicker than anybody else. All this
equality was due to the 211th, 212th, and 213th Amendments to the Constitution,
and to the unceasing vigilance of agents of the United States Handicapper
General.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Harrison
Bergeron</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"> – Kurt Vonnegut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><br /></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -30.05pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">'She said that she would dance with me if I brought her red roses,'
cried the young Student; 'but in all my garden there is no red rose.' From her
nest in the holm-oak tree the Nightingale heard him, and she looked out through
the leaves, and wondered.</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -30.05pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">The Nightingale and the Rose</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">
by Oscar Wilde<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -30.1pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">“We’re going through!” The Commander’s voice was like
thin ice breaking. He wore his full-dress uniform, with the heavily braided
white cap pulled down rakishly over one cold gray eye. “We can’t make it, sir.
It’s spoiling for a hurricane, if you ask me.” “I’m not asking you, Lieutenant
Berg,” said the Commander. “Throw on the power lights! Rev her up to 8,500!
We’re going through!” The pounding of the cylinders increased:
ta-pocketa-pocketa-pocketa-<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">pocketa-pocketa.
The Commander stared at the ice forming on the pilot window. He walked over and
twisted a row of complicated dials. “Switch on No. 8 auxiliary!” he shouted.
“Switch on No. 8 auxiliary!” repeated Lieutenant Berg. “Full strength in No. 3
turret!” shouted the Commander. “Full strength in No. 3 turret!” The crew,
bending to their various tasks in the huge, hurtling eight-engined Navy
hydroplane, looked at each other and grinned. “The Old Man’ll get us through,”
they said to one another. “The Old Man ain’t afraid of
Hell!” . . .</span><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">The
Secret Life of Walter Mitty</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"> by James Thurber<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -30.1pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">TRUE! nervous,
very, very dreadfully nervous I had been and am; but why WILL you say that I am
mad? The disease had sharpened my senses, not destroyed, not dulled them. Above
all was the sense of hearing acute. I heard all things in the heaven and in the
earth. I heard many things in hell. How then am I mad? Hearken! and observe how
healthily, how calmly, I can tell you the whole story.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -30.1pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">It is impossible to say how first the idea entered my
brain, but, once conceived, it haunted me day and night. Object there was none.
Passion there was none. I loved the old man. He had never wronged me. He had
never given me insult. For his gold I had no desire. I think it was his eye!
Yes, it was this! One of his eyes resembled that of a vulture -- a pale blue
eye with a film over it. Whenever it fell upon me my blood ran cold, and so by
degrees, very gradually, I made up my mind to take the life of the old man, and
thus rid myself of the eye forever.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -30.1pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -30.1pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">The Telltale Heart</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"> by Edgar Allan Poe.</span></div>
Ms Dobbynhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00916495409407094753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2412953763102163084.post-87077908178540554352014-09-20T11:13:00.002-07:002014-09-20T11:17:15.192-07:00Ní Chuilleanáin - Themes<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Memory</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13pt;">Memory and the
process of remembering features in many Ní Chuilleanáin poems including: </span><i style="font-size: 13pt;">The Bend in the Road, On Lacking the Killer
Instinct </i><span style="font-size: 13pt;">and</span><i style="font-size: 13pt;"> Kilcash.</i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">The Bend in the Road</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"> focuses on how memory connects with specific places
and how these places can assume personal significance over time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Every time the poet passes a particular ‘bend
in the road’ she remembers her child was ‘sick one day on the way to the lake’
and how the family associated that place with that event ever since.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">On Lacking the Killer Instinct</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"> demonstrates the process of memory, how
one thought can spark off a memory and another and another. A picture in the
paper sparks off the memory of the time when her father was dying in hospital
and then she thinks of her father as a young man.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Kilcash</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"> pays tribute to a heroic figure from Irish history, Lady Iveagh, and
places emphasis on the importance of remembering those who have died.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="webkit-fake-url://6D9FF72C-11EF-4F70-83F6-EF587FAF44A3/application.pdf" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="webkit-fake-url://6D9FF72C-11EF-4F70-83F6-EF587FAF44A3/application.pdf" /></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Love<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">To Niall Woods</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"> is a vibrant celebration of romantic love that
fervently believes in ‘happily ever after’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In this poem Ní Chuilleanáin depicts an idealised, magical vision of
love by referencing traditional folk tales.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>She advises her son and his bride to have courage as they start out on
the adventure of marriage together:</span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><br /></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Leave
behind the places that you knew:</span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">All
that you leave behind you will find once more.</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Street</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"> deals with love in a more ambiguous way. In it a man falls in love
with the butcher’s daughter who he watches passing by in the street. It appears
to be a one sided attraction in that we do not get the butcher’s daughter’s
perspective.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">The dark side of
love is hinted at when he follows her home one day and sees her bloody footmarks
on the stairs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The reader is left
guessing as to the outcome.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">History<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">On Lacking the Killer Instinct </span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">deals with a violent period in Irish
history which Ní Chuilleanáin’s father took active part – The War of
Independence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She describes how he was
chased by ‘a lorry-load of soldiers’, the Black and Tans, a notoriously
ruthless force, on one particular occasion and thankful evaded capture. She
criticises the need for such violence saying he ‘like the hare should never
have been coursed.’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Kilcash </span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">details the suffering endured by the Irish people as a consequence of
colonialism.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The suppression of religion
and theft of natural resources: ‘What will we do now for timber?’ left the
people poor and struggling for identity. Leaders were exiled leaving the people
unprotected. The poet depicts the scene in apocalyptic terms:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Mist hangs low on the
branches<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">No sunlight can sweep aside,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Darkness falls among daylight
<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">And the streams are all run
dry;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Lucina Shynning in the Silence of the Night</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"> references Cromwell who was responsible
for a violent and chaotic invasion of Ireland in 1649. She describes the dark
moments of history as: ‘</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Schoolbook";">the waves of darkness’ behind her. </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Death<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Death and Engines </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">focuses on the inevitability of death in all our lives. Each of us will
encounter a moment when we are ‘Cornered’ by death and will have no way to
escape.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some might survive encounters
with death and feel ‘relief’ but they cannot escape it forever.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A time will come when it will be ‘too late to
stop’.</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<a href="webkit-fake-url://AA04CE04-51AC-4A90-9A05-DA00A7F14BF9/application.pdf" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="webkit-fake-url://AA04CE04-51AC-4A90-9A05-DA00A7F14BF9/application.pdf" /></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">On Lacking the Killer Instinct</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"> deals with the very real death of her
father and her struggle to deal with having to watch him die.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She reveals that she ‘ran away’ to avoid the
pain of seeing him suffer but felt guilty and eventually returned. She also
addresses the thrill experienced by human and animal alike in evading death at
the hands of a hunter quoting her father as saying he never felt ‘Such
gladness’ as when he escaped the Black and Tans.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Kilcash</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"> is an elegy for Lady Iveagh who contributed so much to her local
community when alive and whose absence was strongly lamented.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Ms Dobbynhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00916495409407094753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2412953763102163084.post-693491652773104462014-09-20T11:09:00.001-07:002014-09-21T02:25:35.120-07:00Eiléan Ní Chuilleanáin - to Niall Woods and Xenya Ostrovskaia, married in Dublin on 9 September 2009<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="webkit-fake-url://D19136BB-8E50-4735-B7A8-F3E0914B38CD/application.pdf" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="webkit-fake-url://D19136BB-8E50-4735-B7A8-F3E0914B38CD/application.pdf" /></a><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><b>In Brief</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt;">Niall Woods is Ní
Chuilleanáin’s son and Xenya Ostrovskaia was the woman he married in September
2009.</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Ní Chuilleanáin wrote the poem to
commemorate their wedding and give her blessing to their marriage.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">In the poem she
references many different folk tales both Irish and Russian and also the Book
of Ruth from the Bible.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These stories
all deal with people starting out on adventurous journeys and, to varying
degrees, feature ‘happily ever after’ endings. The poet’s message is that one
has to take risks and persevere to earn the good things in life, especially
love.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Stanza by Stanza<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">The poem opens
with a direct address to the couple about to be wed. She says that when they ‘</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">both
see the same star/</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Pitching its tent on the point of the
steeple’ </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #3d3d3d; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">it will be time </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">for
their journey together to begin.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #3d3d3d; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">The folk tale references</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<ul><a href="webkit-fake-url://B73818B0-A20D-43D0-8635-238CFF086DA3/application.pdf" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="webkit-fake-url://B73818B0-A20D-43D0-8635-238CFF086DA3/application.pdf" /></a>
<li><span style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;">The</span><b style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
Red Ettin </b><span style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;">– a tale about three sons setting out on journeys – each one is
given the choice to take a full loaf and their mother’s curse or half a loaf
and their mother’s blessing.</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;">Only the
youngest son makes the latter choice and he succeeds in marrying a beautiful
princess.</span></li>
<li><b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Sleeping
Beauty</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;"> – the familiar
folktale of a cursed princess rescued by a courageous prince.</span></li>
<li><b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">The
Firebird</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;"> – a Russian
folktale about an emperor whose golden apples are being stolen at night-time.
The emperor commands his sons to find out who the thief is and only the
youngest son succeeds. He sets out on journey to catch the culprit, the
firebird, and eventually succeeds and marries a beautiful princess.</span></li>
<li><b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">The
King of Ireland’s Son and the Enchanter’s Daughter</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;"> – the story of a prince who loses a wager to an
enchanter and has to complete the tasks set by him. Eventually he succeeds marries
the enchanter’s daughter!</span></li>
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<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">The Book of Ruth:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">The final story
she references is the Book of Ruth from the Bible. Ruth was a Moabite who
travelled far away from home to marry an Israelite.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After her husband died Ruth remained loyal to
her mother-in-law Naomi saying ‘</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">whither thou goest, I will
go; and where thou lodgest, I will lodge: thy people <i>shall be</i> my people,
and thy God my God.’ She eventual married again largely as a result of her loyalty to
Naomi and lives happily ever after.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13pt;">All of these references encourage courage in the face being far away from home. Niall and Xenya’s marriage is seen as the start of a great adventure and she tells them not to be afraid to </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13pt;">‘leave behind the places’ that they know. The stories from their respective cultures will keep them connected to home: ‘All that you leave behind you will find once more.’</span> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-size: small;">The
Book of Ruth showing Ruth’s relationship with her mother-in-law Naomi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span></span>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US">
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<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US">
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Ms Dobbynhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00916495409407094753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2412953763102163084.post-89146407466144577112014-09-20T11:00:00.003-07:002014-09-20T11:18:00.509-07:00Eiléan Ní Chuilleanáin - Lucina Schynning in the Silence of the Night<br />
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<img height="266" src="webkit-fake-url://302D0FAF-ED85-4BC0-BB8C-AD35CB8BC732/application.pdf" width="400" /></div>
<b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Title</span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">The unusual title
of this poem comes from the first line of </span><i style="font-size: 13pt;">The
Birth of Antichrist </i><span style="font-size: 13pt;">by William Dunbar a 15</span><sup>th</sup><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> century Scottish
poet. His poem uses the setting of a dream to depict a gruesome battle between
good and evil. Ní Chuilleanáin may have recalled the line when she saw the moon
shining ‘in the silence of the night’; Lucina comes from the Latin for ‘light’
and is very similar to the Latin term for the moon: ‘luna’.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In Brief<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">This poem recounts
a night spent sleeping in a ruined old chapel without the comforts of modern
civilisation. The poet details her ‘up close’ encounter with nature and the
memories and thoughts the experience brings up for her.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Stanza by Stanza<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">The poem starts
with an image of a clear starry sky with the poet underneath reading a book by
candlelight. She describes herself as being ‘</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13pt;">without roast meat
or music/ Strong drink or a shield from the air’, a description which conjures
up images of a medieval feasting hall.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Despite
having to wash in cold bog water and having bats for company she ‘slept
safely’, feeling secure and relaxed in this natural environment. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In
the third stanza the mood alters: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Behind me the waves
of darkness lay, the plague <o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Of mice, plague of
beetles <o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Crawling out of the
spines of books,<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The
word ‘plague’, which is repeated three times, hints at times of mass death and
destruction. The ‘waves of darkness’ ‘behind’ her seem to refer to terrible
events from the past. She mentions Cromwell hinting at the violence and
devastation his forces brought to Ireland in the 17<sup>th</sup> century.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Plague shadowing
pale faces with clay <o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The disease of the
moon gone astray.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">‘Pale faces’
shadowed ‘with clay’ might refer to mass burials of plague victims and ‘the
disease of the moon gone astray’ hints at the old term for mental illness,
lunacy, which comes from the Latin for moon. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">The atmosphere
of gloom does not last long in the poem, however, as she asserts: ‘</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13pt;">In the desert I
relaxed, amazed’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She is in awe of the
beauty of nature which, for her, is a very positive and heartening presence.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Sheepdogs
embraced me; the grasshopper <o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Returned
with lark and bee.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="clear: left; float: left; font-size: 13pt; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><a href="webkit-fake-url://633453DB-D3A9-4D1E-8E73-2750C4EB6139/application.pdf" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="227" src="webkit-fake-url://633453DB-D3A9-4D1E-8E73-2750C4EB6139/application.pdf" width="400" /></a><span style="font-family: inherit;">There a sense of growth and renewal, of nature overcoming the challenges of the
past. She spots a hare ‘absorbed, sitting still/ In the middle of the track’,
a line which echoes the opening of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">On
Lacking the Killer Instinct</i> and may show this was from the same period in
her life<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.</i> She concludes the poem with
the uplifting line: ‘I heard/ Again the chirp in the stream running’ implying
that life is in continuous motion and constantly renews itself despite
humanity’s moments of war and destruction.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Language<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Imagery<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The poem is full
of striking natural imagery including:</span></span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;">The
sky: ‘Moon shining in silence of</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;">night/
The heaven being all full of stars.’</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The
bog water: ‘it was orange, channelled down bogs/ Dipped between cresses’.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Dark
imagery: ‘beetles/ Crawling out of the spines of books’.</span></span></li>
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<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Assonance</span></span></b></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;">‘sh</span><u style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;">i</u><span style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;">ning
in s</span><u style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;">i</u><span style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;">lence of the n</span><u style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;">ig</u><span style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;">ht’</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;">‘Pl</span><u style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;">a</u><span style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;">gue
shadowing p</span><u style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;">a</u><span style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;">le f</span><u style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;">a</u><span style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;">ces with cl</span><u style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;">a</u><span style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;">y’.</span></span></li>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Alliteration<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">‘</span></b><u style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">P</span></u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;">lague
shadowing <u>p</u>ale faces’</span></span></li>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Figurative Language<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Stanza 4
consists of an arresting <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">simile</b>
comparing her awe to that of the animals in the mosaic when they first saw the
sky through a hole in the roof:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Schoolbook";"><span style="font-family: inherit;">amazed / As the mosaic beasts on the
chapel floor <o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Schoolbook";"><span style="font-family: inherit;">When Cromwell had departed, and they
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Ms Dobbynhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00916495409407094753noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2412953763102163084.post-31709350100780542492014-09-17T09:34:00.001-07:002014-09-17T09:37:55.838-07:00Eiléan Ní Chuilleanáin - Kilcash<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Background<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2c177th75qe7NuxZ-P9CRQHrSpgrwklflzfPs-XQVZGcoKrCRO5hvzXfx5wK3p1dLTe9vDBwyl6gCvefJJLcXBvWUto8fuqkU30a8RShM15udsFGlOxOUJyQ4HX6nxr0MuC8d2Pv0fsux/s1600/kilcash_castle_and_church.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="color: black;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2c177th75qe7NuxZ-P9CRQHrSpgrwklflzfPs-XQVZGcoKrCRO5hvzXfx5wK3p1dLTe9vDBwyl6gCvefJJLcXBvWUto8fuqkU30a8RShM15udsFGlOxOUJyQ4HX6nxr0MuC8d2Pv0fsux/s1600/kilcash_castle_and_church.jpg" height="208" width="320" /></span></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Kilcash</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> is a translation of an early 19<sup>th</sup>
century ballad called <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Caoine Cill Chaise</i>.
It recounts the tale of the death of Margaret Butler, Vicountess Iveagh (d.
1744) and the subsequent decline of Kilcash castle and estate in Tipperary. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Margaret Butler (Lady Iveagh) had
been sympathetic to the plight of Catholics under the oppressive Penal Laws and
sheltered many priests, bishops and a number of Gaelic poets. In the ballad her
death moves the writer to lament her tolerance and to compare the cutting down
of the woods of Kilcash with the destruction of the Gaelic way of life under English
rule. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Stanza by Stanza<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The tone of lament fills this
ballad from the very first line as the poet mourns ‘the last of the woods laid
low’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The once rich forests of Kilcash
have been sold and the source of timber for the local community (a daily
necessity at this time) is gone. Kilcash castle is empty: ‘Their bell is
silenced now’ and the figure missed most by the local community is Lady Iveagh:
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Where the lady lived with
such honour,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">No woman so heaped with
praise,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY2MDymWiY2u-VDpEQTcmHdfNOVFmSnqUOisMwylLMEd37_n_fpUVJeS7ibly8dyIK9gNUzyHkioMpkvjTMFXMEvhKccgfdVzy0GoNFLDHTcBIqTT7Eccitu7MIDGDsW41Pqemq2QKjfyQ/s1600/kilcash.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY2MDymWiY2u-VDpEQTcmHdfNOVFmSnqUOisMwylLMEd37_n_fpUVJeS7ibly8dyIK9gNUzyHkioMpkvjTMFXMEvhKccgfdVzy0GoNFLDHTcBIqTT7Eccitu7MIDGDsW41Pqemq2QKjfyQ/s1600/kilcash.jpg" height="266" width="320" /></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">That ‘the sweet
words of Mass’ could be heard in her home at a time when Mass was illegal shows
her sympathy for the Catholic community. Her loss, and the crumbling of the
castle, is symbolic of the destruction of the last shelter of the ordinary
people against colonial oppression.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY2MDymWiY2u-VDpEQTcmHdfNOVFmSnqUOisMwylLMEd37_n_fpUVJeS7ibly8dyIK9gNUzyHkioMpkvjTMFXMEvhKccgfdVzy0GoNFLDHTcBIqTT7Eccitu7MIDGDsW41Pqemq2QKjfyQ/s1600/kilcash.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: black;"></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The poet proceeds, in traditional
ballad fashion, to list examples of the decay of Kilcash. He mourns the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">neat gates knocked down’, ‘the avenue overgrown’, ‘The smooth wide
lawn…all broken’ and the paddock ‘turned to a dairy’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This once well-managed, thriving estate is
desolate and eerily silent:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">The roar of the bees gone
silent…<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">The musical birds are stilled<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj86t6ovhO_hd80SaHxKarnzZsW1vS4WU9KakmyycMQg9L46pVaZ5Afoj64rkNPtLG-owLaqfxPxKMszM1x-7deILVKEieLK2RNA1CkaCowtLXkxktZUujGmDtsa1pgTgj6YNu1xtRt4efR/s1600/barrren+landscape.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj86t6ovhO_hd80SaHxKarnzZsW1vS4WU9KakmyycMQg9L46pVaZ5Afoj64rkNPtLG-owLaqfxPxKMszM1x-7deILVKEieLK2RNA1CkaCowtLXkxktZUujGmDtsa1pgTgj6YNu1xtRt4efR/s1600/barrren+landscape.jpg" height="200" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj86t6ovhO_hd80SaHxKarnzZsW1vS4WU9KakmyycMQg9L46pVaZ5Afoj64rkNPtLG-owLaqfxPxKMszM1x-7deILVKEieLK2RNA1CkaCowtLXkxktZUujGmDtsa1pgTgj6YNu1xtRt4efR/s1600/barrren+landscape.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="color: black;"></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">In the absence of
Lady Iveagh’s protection the local people have been ‘depressed and tamed’ by
colonial forces: ‘Even the deer and the hunter…Look down upon us with pity’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The place appears cursed, with nature itself
appearing to mourn the loss of Lady Iveagh:</span><br />
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><br /></span></i>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Mist hangs low on the
branches</span></i></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">No sunlight can sweep aside,</span></i></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Darkness falls among daylight</span></i></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">And the streams are all run
dry;</span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">In the penultimate
stanza the poet laments the wider problem of the loss of Irish freedom
personified as a female figure who is exiled ‘to France and to Spain’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From the Flight of the Earls in 1607 onwards
many generations of Gaelic and Norman chieftains fled to the continent after
defeat to the English.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">And now the worst of our
troubles:<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">She has followed the prince
of the Gaels – <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">He has borne off the gentle
maiden,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Summoned to France and to
Spain.</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">The final stanza
strikes a more optimistic note looking forward to a future when the Irish might
be free once more.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This freedom will be
greeted with great celebrations and rejoicing:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">She may come safe home to us
here<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">To dancing and rejoicing<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">To fiddling and bonfire<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">He also hopes that Kilcash may be
‘built up anew’ and last till the end of time: ‘</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">May it never again be laid low.’</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 20.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Language:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Ballad Form:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">As a translation of a 19<sup>th</sup>
century Irish ballad this poem is intensely musical and features many of the
elements we would associate with ballads.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">8 line stanzas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Regular <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rhyming</b>
scheme: ABCBDEFE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Regular metre – lilting <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">iambic rhythm</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Lists</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">: The list of decaying aspects of Kilcash is a common
element of ballads.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Hyperbole</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">: Descriptions are exaggerated for emphasis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Half-rhyme:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Half-rhyme is a <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">rhyme</span> in which the stressed syllables
of ending consonants match, however the preceding vowel sounds do not match ie
a ‘sort of rhyme’. Ní Chuilleanáin makes extensive use of half-rhymes in this
poem and examples include:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">‘praise’ and ‘Mass’ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">‘down’ and ‘overgrown’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">‘Gaels’ and ‘Spain’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">‘here’ and ‘bonfire’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Assonance:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">‘The mus<u>i</u>cal
birds are st<u>i</u>lled’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">‘M<u>a</u>y it
never ag<u>ain</u> be l<u>aid </u>low.’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Alliteration</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">‘lady lived’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">‘game gone wild’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">‘preyed on the people’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Imagery<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">This poem is full of strong images
of desolation and destruction. Beautiful natural images are contrasted with
pictures of a barren landscape to highlight the loss:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">No hazel, no holly or berry,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">Bare naked rocks and cold;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">The forest park is leafless<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">And all the game gone wild.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The poet also contrast the noisy
‘commotion’ of the animals with the eerie silence that accompanies their
absence:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">The geese and the ducks’
commotion,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">The eagle’s shout, are no
more,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">The roar of the bees gone
silent,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Atmosphere<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">A sense of doom pervades <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kilcash</i> and poet’s description of the haunted
landscape of the ruined castle creates a bleak atmosphere in the poem.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Tone<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The tone throughout is one of
bitter lament as the poet mourns the decline of Kilcash and the loss of Irish
liberty.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It lifts briefly in the final
stanza with the picture of a better future where Kilcash is restored and
Ireland regains its lost freedom.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9JdgocBcZB_XAFAvcJjIcJ6GrOporrLzxWUIqcVV-sc4GrOySNcGKsa50LzeoG3Nz48UzLqdhWZr7FkBC9OW1dsoj98nYiBLcEeMlsi2GJzPwibH12iifrj6IFNXw5GE0YjVC0npvnRV9/s1600/Kathleen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="color: black;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9JdgocBcZB_XAFAvcJjIcJ6GrOporrLzxWUIqcVV-sc4GrOySNcGKsa50LzeoG3Nz48UzLqdhWZr7FkBC9OW1dsoj98nYiBLcEeMlsi2GJzPwibH12iifrj6IFNXw5GE0YjVC0npvnRV9/s1600/Kathleen.jpg" height="320" width="280" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cathleen Ni Houlihan - a female figure <br />
who symbolized Irish Nationalism.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Personification<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">The poet
personifies Ireland’s freedom as an idealised young woman, ‘the gentle maiden’,
who sought to look after her people as best she could:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">Her company laments her<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">That she fed with silver and
gold:<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">One who never preyed on the
people<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">But was the poor man’s
friend.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">This shows the
poets attitude that Ireland prospered prior to English rule and he hopes that
this lady or symbol of Irish freedom ‘may come safe home to us here’.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">In Brief:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC1F29CrM923e42xDKa2OOzbliR9XrMM73ot4GHKApl_y4_zrNQZAOWRYbv06dSaNUu1zipEPxVne1SpOWWzYCp9YzkDOTfOvx5sUQhnbQxB-2e2Tp3zRgQYb6rZ7IIA_rnhSzjU9ePaTa/s1600/hare-greyhound.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC1F29CrM923e42xDKa2OOzbliR9XrMM73ot4GHKApl_y4_zrNQZAOWRYbv06dSaNUu1zipEPxVne1SpOWWzYCp9YzkDOTfOvx5sUQhnbQxB-2e2Tp3zRgQYb6rZ7IIA_rnhSzjU9ePaTa/s1600/hare-greyhound.jpg" height="209" width="320" /></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">This poem
demonstrates the process of memory very clearly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One thought calls forth a memory and then
sparks off another and another. The dramatic photo of a hare being chased by
greyhounds in the newspaper reminds the poet of an encounter with a hare on the
road near the hospital where her father was dying. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">She then thinks of
her father as a young man, running from the enemy in the Irish War of
Independence and his ‘clever’/crazy idea to chance an ‘open kitchen door’, a
risk that saved his life. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Stanza by Stanza:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">The poem opens
with the image of a hare ‘sitting still’ in the middle of the path on which the
poet was walking, a memory from a few years previously. She had ‘fled’ the
hospital in which her father was dying obviously struggling with the ordeal of
seeing him waste away.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">She was reminded
of this memory by a striking photograph of hare coursing in the morning
newspaper:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Two greyhounds tumbling over,
absurdly gross,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">While the hare shoots off to
the left, her bright eye<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Full not only of speed and
fear<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">But surely in the moment a
glad power,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">She sees fear in
the eye of the hare but also the thrill of survival, ‘glad power’ in her ability
to outrun the ‘stupid dogs’. This sparks the memory of her nineteen year old
father being chased by the Black and Tans during the War of Independence in
1921 and how, like the hare, he gave them the slip:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">And he was clever, he saw a
house<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">And risked an open kitchen
door<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHHV3kzAKs6-EsuVSsAliRAb228hwQ8HW4Ugb69sLScI088Lh3PNUHkYUpNHm1S-2M3pf6rDACKhcVKkDTwgE8AA4fmQS1rzxt_x5FAFecPOzjqcbG_Rqt9STLfBAd5u3F5NDOPOaN8OEW/s1600/blacktans2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHHV3kzAKs6-EsuVSsAliRAb228hwQ8HW4Ugb69sLScI088Lh3PNUHkYUpNHm1S-2M3pf6rDACKhcVKkDTwgE8AA4fmQS1rzxt_x5FAFecPOzjqcbG_Rqt9STLfBAd5u3F5NDOPOaN8OEW/s1600/blacktans2.jpg" height="320" width="239" /></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">About the incident
he commented ‘never/Such gladness’ as ‘he came out/ Into a blissful dawn’ the
following morning.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both the hare and her
father felt excitement and joy in surviving a near death experience.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">The poet thinks
that neither should ever ‘have been coursed’ as it should not have been
necessary for a boy to fight for his country’s independence at such a young age
and hare coursing is now regarded as a barbaric activity. She concludes the
poem by admitting she ‘should not have run away’ from her father’s deathbed and
remembers that she subsequently <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘went
back to the city’ to face up to her own challenges. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 16.0pt;">Title:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">A ‘Killer
instinct’ is ‘</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">a ruthless determination to
succeed or win’. Both the hare and the poet’s father exhibit this instinct as
they escape their hunters whereas the dogs and soldiers, who let their prey go,
do not. The poet too, in fleeing her
father’s deathbed, seemed to lack the courage to endure her own fear at such a
moment.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Ms Dobbynhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00916495409407094753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2412953763102163084.post-15157556792392679342014-09-17T08:50:00.000-07:002014-09-17T09:27:31.862-07:00Eiléan Ní Chuilleanáin - Death and Engines<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">In brief<span style="color: #535353;">: <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Death and Engines focuses on the
inevitability of death in all our lives. Each of us will encounter a moment
when we are ‘Cornered’ by death and will have no way to escape.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some might survive encounters with death and
feel ‘relief’ but they cannot escape it forever.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A time will come when it will be ‘too late to
stop’.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8CQKpc800VpVJ5Lfp8ruNTkPFjNOAwA48x-VjmFdipULBcYO2jlPx6o8_bKzledARgphC6hi7HBp5-8BwOPbaLEnc1cASEqgGbbCdBz3B3qhIfLDDjq8wKMjVcjXw4FRt5EWzDaE-0hHO/s1600/Airplane-wreckage-Iceland1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8CQKpc800VpVJ5Lfp8ruNTkPFjNOAwA48x-VjmFdipULBcYO2jlPx6o8_bKzledARgphC6hi7HBp5-8BwOPbaLEnc1cASEqgGbbCdBz3B3qhIfLDDjq8wKMjVcjXw4FRt5EWzDaE-0hHO/s1600/Airplane-wreckage-Iceland1.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Stanza by Stanza:</span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">The poem opens with the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">image</b> of a crashed plane in the snow
visible from the plane she is on as it approaches Paris airport in winter. She
compares the ‘Tubular’ fuselage to ‘an empty tunnel’. The remains of the plane
are ‘burnt out’ and black against the contrasting whiteness of the snow.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">In the second verse the poet is aboard
the return flight home facing the ‘snow-white runways in the dark’. The poet
associates the plane’s metal wings with the coldness of death that will
eventually seep into us: ‘The cold of the metal wings is contagious’. When we
are ‘cornered’ by death we will need a miracle to survive: ‘Soon you will need
wings of your own’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
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<w:wrap type="tight"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPx_NhpdJcRLap9gR48fu4-tQXyD5bFyXevmW-EhGSCSV8Fk15fIKGTTXXAdYX-ByVU-7r_Qn4RLSb0Q71T4h84j3pCAb9paM1e1QSuSSATw7vvm4x_RqD9fvoivi-oVl2omywU2ZtCEpw/s1600/palm-reading-maps--large-msg-138766562547.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPx_NhpdJcRLap9gR48fu4-tQXyD5bFyXevmW-EhGSCSV8Fk15fIKGTTXXAdYX-ByVU-7r_Qn4RLSb0Q71T4h84j3pCAb9paM1e1QSuSSATw7vvm4x_RqD9fvoivi-oVl2omywU2ZtCEpw/s1600/palm-reading-maps--large-msg-138766562547.jpg" height="320" width="253" /></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">She describes death as the moment where our lives and time finally
intersect: ‘Time and life like a knife and fork/Cross.’ She uses the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">image</b> from palm-reading of the
‘breaking’ of the lifeline hinting at a fatalistic view of life<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- that we all have an evitable destiny. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">She concludes stanza 3 with an image reminiscent
of the immensely tragic events of 9/11: ‘the curve of an aeroplane’s track/
Meets the straight skyline.’ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">The attacks on the Twin Towers in New
York have left a huge psychological imprint on the generation of people who
witnessed it either first hand or on television. We all wonder what the people
on those planes went through before their tragic deaths. What is it like to
know you are going to die but can do nothing to save yourself?</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQymTE6NUKR9T7_D3InXIH99yChXCp7VipsGHDXhRUEm5iSJvdTXR2m2PIBng0Ai7oGCNVZaggULo9xwMnh2w-slhT1kF3EFEnlxaLXAcaotvqvCatHWt3duN36PkdxbwX2ZEL4E3mRRje/s1600/911_black_white_88_01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQymTE6NUKR9T7_D3InXIH99yChXCp7VipsGHDXhRUEm5iSJvdTXR2m2PIBng0Ai7oGCNVZaggULo9xwMnh2w-slhT1kF3EFEnlxaLXAcaotvqvCatHWt3duN36PkdxbwX2ZEL4E3mRRje/s1600/911_black_white_88_01.jpg" height="320" width="253" /></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Sometimes death is cheated. People
survive horrific accidents and live to tell their tale: “</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The images of
relief:/ Hospital pyjamas, screens round a bed/ A man with a bloody face/
Sitting up in bed, conversing cheerfully/ Through cut lips”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Eventually we will all have to face it however: “</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">You will find yourself alone / Accelerating down a blind / Alley, too
late to stop.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Final
Stanza<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">We won’t feel any pain once we are gone but
out families will remember us and grieve for us: “You will be scattered like
wreckage;/ The pieces, every one a different shape /Will painfully lodge in
the hearts /Of all who love you.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">The poem associates death with modern
transport: ‘Engines’ especially airplanes. These powerful machines that can fly
above the earth and travel at huge speeds also expose our mortality and
powerlessness in the face of death. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">The images of planes crashing into buildings
and a car accelerating down a blind/ Alley’ play upon our fears being in a
machine spiraling out of control and not being able to do anything to save
ourselves.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Language: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Assonance</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"> (repeated vowel sounds) features
strongly in this poem in the second and third verses creating a sombre effect:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;">‘The sn</span><u style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;">o</u><span style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;">w-white
runways in the dark/ N</span><u style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;">o</u><span style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;"> sound came </span><u style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;">o</u><span style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;">ver/ The loudspeakers, except
the sighs/ Of the l</span><u style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;">o</u><span style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;">nely pilot.’</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"><br /></span></span>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13pt; text-indent: -18pt;">‘T<u>i</u>me and l<u>i</u>fe
l<u>i</u>ke a kn<u>i</u>fe’.</span></div>
Ms Dobbynhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00916495409407094753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2412953763102163084.post-72104099841817732692014-09-17T08:43:00.003-07:002014-09-17T08:45:08.239-07:00Eiléan Ní Chuilleanáin - The Bend in the Road<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">In Brief:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">The Bend in the Road</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"> is a poem about <b>memory</b> and
nostalgia for the past. It recounts a tale of a child getting sick on a journey
with the whole family and how the location, that ‘bend in the road’, becomes
synonymous with that event. The poet
realizes that our surroundings are filled with the memories of our loved ones
even if they have passed away.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY-QS_6J-qABd8yDrVoiL9jLTxBfisG367Hw-659WY8JyCfZqqwcmyUKt2gdY2bzoMQ2hobh3yqtqoHQK3ZI418O2WYoZ-ewks2At0chBYj5P1Pbv-C0kwAsODCmI1-DSQrPSnWaacIAdK/s1600/car+sickness.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY-QS_6J-qABd8yDrVoiL9jLTxBfisG367Hw-659WY8JyCfZqqwcmyUKt2gdY2bzoMQ2hobh3yqtqoHQK3ZI418O2WYoZ-ewks2At0chBYj5P1Pbv-C0kwAsODCmI1-DSQrPSnWaacIAdK/s1600/car+sickness.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Stanza by Stanza:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">A
child feels sick on a trip to the lake and the family pull the car over to the
side of the road, with the windows rolled down, to let the child recover. The
poet remembers a ‘tree like a cat’s tail’ and ‘the shadow of a house’.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">Every
time the family passed the location since they have remembered how the child
got ‘sick one day on the way to the lake’. The child has grown up and is now
taller than the poet and her husband and the surroundings at the bend in the
road have also changed. The tree has grown and the house has become ‘quite
covered’ with ‘green creeper’.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJG9w9O_EYZNrczEpOh8-wFO2TQ0We4Ot-txNVrhhhCs2jPloRdVt0i2GpbAg-zCU67TtHdbLlDZ9sWFirIkGzR7snwSIv4__AS7HHnLmBrP2VhR2wHpAvj6tqfhXiY3sXQtjn8VoWefZi/s1600/cumulus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJG9w9O_EYZNrczEpOh8-wFO2TQ0We4Ot-txNVrhhhCs2jPloRdVt0i2GpbAg-zCU67TtHdbLlDZ9sWFirIkGzR7snwSIv4__AS7HHnLmBrP2VhR2wHpAvj6tqfhXiY3sXQtjn8VoWefZi/s1600/cumulus.jpg" height="214" width="320" /></a></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">The
poet reflects on all that has happened in the past 12 years and on the people
they have lost: ‘the faces never long absent from thought’. These people were
taken away by disease: ‘we saw them wrapped and sealed by sickness’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They were so weak that even sleep seemed a
burden to them: ‘the piled weight of sleep / We knew they could not carry too
long’.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">To
the poet this bend in the road is a place of memory for all these people and
all her memories, not just the one in which her child got sick: ‘This is the
place of their presence: in the tree, in the air.’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Language</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">Figurative language</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">: The poet uses similes in many of her images. She describes the tree as
‘like a cat’s tail’ and the spirits of the dead being ‘like one cumulus cloud/
In a perfect sky.’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">Atmosphere</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">: There is a serene and peaceful atmosphere in this poem.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This ‘bend in the road’ is described as
‘silent’ and seems a place where little happens.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">Alliteration</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘A <u>t</u>all <u>t</u>ree,
like a cat’s <u>t</u>ail’. And ‘<u>s</u>ealed by <u>s</u>ickness’.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">Assonance</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">: ‘P<u>i</u>led h<i>i</i>gh, wrapped
l<u>i</u>ghtly, l<u>i</u>ke…’<span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
Ms Dobbynhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00916495409407094753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2412953763102163084.post-52146816752000103012014-09-17T08:35:00.002-07:002014-09-17T08:45:48.975-07:00Eiléan Ní Chuilleanáin - Street<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b style="line-height: 115%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In Brief:</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<i>Street </i>is a short poem about love and attraction designed to leave the reader guessing. A man falls ‘in love with the butcher’s daughter’ as he sees her walk down the street and on one occasion he follows her home.<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG4alj5OylRKattg5MzOmVkClfsy8An4CltoUdKUbMGz129eqpDc0bS83AEJSHCoyh7xXTxD1_2XF1O-gUYoFdQDOSvnXDsBuLcKzpwl62B4NIDk02gA8ax0iIVnINyHXb8QfNo2pfjPDG/s1600/Butcher.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG4alj5OylRKattg5MzOmVkClfsy8An4CltoUdKUbMGz129eqpDc0bS83AEJSHCoyh7xXTxD1_2XF1O-gUYoFdQDOSvnXDsBuLcKzpwl62B4NIDk02gA8ax0iIVnINyHXb8QfNo2pfjPDG/s1600/Butcher.jpg" height="229" width="320" /></span></a><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Stanza by Stanza</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">A
woman, who engages in the work of a butcher, traditionally seen as a masculine
activity, makes for an intriguing central character in this poem. The man who
watches her seems fascinated with the knife on her belt and the ‘dark shining
drops’ of blood, which drip onto the ground from it.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">One
day he follows her and gets to see her in a different setting, the domestic
sphere at home.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He sees the spotless
stairs ‘brushed and clean’ and her shoes placed neatly on the bottom step. Then
he notices the marks her bare feet have made on the stairs as they ascended:
‘the red crescent/ Her bare heels left, fading to faintest at the top.’<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">For
the reader the story ends here and we are left wondering as to what happened
next if anything. It seems to be deliberately ambiguous.<span style="font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjavLUy-K2SbrRHFDGYnwUGjWiyzBj9CUSYKQvIxwfdgtJgmaiPEuikf1DlkVQgg3RpQpS3JGloOv76WNdV73QpFCVCzvtojDkVHcDoDysVQ7aKZo7fdhftMD0sMOrOBXHkt7qFo44PMGER/s1600/shambles-york.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjavLUy-K2SbrRHFDGYnwUGjWiyzBj9CUSYKQvIxwfdgtJgmaiPEuikf1DlkVQgg3RpQpS3JGloOv76WNdV73QpFCVCzvtojDkVHcDoDysVQ7aKZo7fdhftMD0sMOrOBXHkt7qFo44PMGER/s1600/shambles-york.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Imagery</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The poem almost entirely
consists of word pictures creating a cinematic effect. The reader follows the
action of the girl on her walk being watched and is left to think about these
ambiguous images afterwards.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjavLUy-K2SbrRHFDGYnwUGjWiyzBj9CUSYKQvIxwfdgtJgmaiPEuikf1DlkVQgg3RpQpS3JGloOv76WNdV73QpFCVCzvtojDkVHcDoDysVQ7aKZo7fdhftMD0sMOrOBXHkt7qFo44PMGER/s1600/shambles-york.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The poet uses contrasting <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">colour</b> to powerful effect with the image of dark red blood beside
the pristine white of the butcher’s trousers: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">When he saw her passing by in her white trousers<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Dangling a knife on a ring at her belt,</span></span></i><br />
<i style="line-height: 115%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> He stared at the dark shining drops on the</span></span></i><i style="line-height: 115%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> paving-stones.</span></span></i></div>
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<br />
Here are some of the best:<br />
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</div>
<br />
<a href="http://www.thisamericanlife.org/" target="_blank">This American Life</a><br />
Produced by Chicago Public Media, This American Life is a hugely successful radio program on NPR that brings its audience amazing stories based around a specific theme every week.<br />
<br />
Memorable episodes include: <a href="http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/218/act-v" target="_blank">Act V</a> and <a href="http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/449/middle-school" target="_blank">Middle School</a>. Leaving Cert Students might be especially interested in a recent episode entitled '<a href="http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/504/how-i-got-into-college" target="_blank">How I Got into College'</a>. Act 2's amazing story about a Bosnian refugee Emir Kamenica is mind-blowing.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPpHFmnVUO_Cn9pLvhKb-OFtHtaSqDqrL7jPdtVLNJt_d0f5tnSCaRBnh6TL3OwBaSvVLHU9S7zoL5crg1zLj_DqZQRoQDz3_iwnNR0djNfdnVcl8f5675AfKHS-CrdVRoBO7Zki2b3-o/s1600/SnapSeriesPRXLogo_medium.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPpHFmnVUO_Cn9pLvhKb-OFtHtaSqDqrL7jPdtVLNJt_d0f5tnSCaRBnh6TL3OwBaSvVLHU9S7zoL5crg1zLj_DqZQRoQDz3_iwnNR0djNfdnVcl8f5675AfKHS-CrdVRoBO7Zki2b3-o/s1600/SnapSeriesPRXLogo_medium.png" /></a></div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.snapjudgment.org/" target="_blank">Snap Judgement</a></div>
Snap Judgement is also from NPR and also features brilliant storytelling - as it says itself - <b>with a beat.</b><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<a href="http://www.radiolab.org/" target="_blank">RadioLab</a><br />
For those with an interest in Science or just fascinated by the world around us RadioLab is a treasure trove of mad facts and gripping stories.<br />
Episodes include: <a href="http://www.radiolab.org/2012/jan/09/" target="_blank">the Bad Show</a> and <a href="http://www.radiolab.org/blogs/radiolab-blog/2012/sep/10/what-slinky-knows/" target="_blank">What a Slinky Knows</a>.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/" target="_blank">BBC Radio 4</a><br />
There are mountains of great stuff available from BBC Radio 4 from documentaries to drama to great comedy...Find some funny <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/programmes/genres/comedy/current" target="_blank">here</a>.<br />
<br />
Let me know if you've found any other great radio podcasts out there and enjoy :)Ms Dobbynhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00916495409407094753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2412953763102163084.post-89738092249856817452014-08-24T12:08:00.002-07:002014-09-08T08:30:45.848-07:00Long-form Legwork<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAUceYhwQuzAjDdZLFl1E36CjOVrcgp7iMVNuuwirEQWx2Mxu3C24YU-sL9tkeqhD5Kvm07yi7KS8FZYRsVR62F27tSYaoSnp3c-cqo4NLj0GZb6JpZ1tSH1pB-_Vj_Ei6Abh1njD9URk/s1600/splath.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAUceYhwQuzAjDdZLFl1E36CjOVrcgp7iMVNuuwirEQWx2Mxu3C24YU-sL9tkeqhD5Kvm07yi7KS8FZYRsVR62F27tSYaoSnp3c-cqo4NLj0GZb6JpZ1tSH1pB-_Vj_Ei6Abh1njD9URk/s1600/splath.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Plath the Poetic Minx</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Preparing for Leaving Cert English is all about Shakespeare, poetry, novels and yet more literature - right? No doubt you're getting that impression from your hard-working English teacher who is stuffing your school bag with notes on all of the above in order that you won't be caught out with a tricky question about Banquo or stuck if Plath has the brazen cheek not to appear on the paper two years running.<br />
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<br /></div>
<div>
In fact only 45% of your exam paper in June will comprise of literature that you have previously studied. A whacking 55% of your marks will be graded on your response to material you've never seen before. You can have studied Macbeth till the Scottish cows come home and still be floored by an unusual Paper One theme or composition titles that don't quite fit your amazing story about getting signed to Real Madrid.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Your English teacher does know this and will undoubtedly be practicing comprehensions, compositions and unseen poems with you throughout the year. Wouldn't you like to have the edge over other students however? Wouldn't you like to know a secret that will make Paper One a doddle for you and, make study, dare we suggest it, fun?</div>
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<br /></div>
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Here's my answer: </div>
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<br /></div>
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Read long-form journalism on the internet. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Wha-form journalism?I hear you ask<br />
<b><br /></b><b><span style="font-size: large;">Long-form journalism.</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Basically it's the anti-soundbite - long, well-researched, well-written articles on fascinating stories, events and happenings that take somewhat longer to read than the average tweet but reward you with new insight, entertainment and hopefully something gruesome to tell the family over dinner. This website will tell you a little of the value of long-form: <a href="http://readmatter.com/" target="_blank">ReadMatter</a>.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
There are tons of great articles freely available on the internet if you know where to find them. Follow this 3 step programme and you will be well on your way to a mind-blowingly brilliant Paper One:</div>
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<b>Step 1:</b> Get the <a href="http://getpocket.com/" target="_blank">Pocket App</a> for your computer, laptop, tablet, smartphone or digital sunglasses (you don't have a pair? they'll be everywhere in 2013). It's a very simple but fantastically useful app that saves any great article, video or webpage that you stumble across but don't have time to read right that second to your device. It displays your selected content in an easy to read manner and when you sit down with a nice cup of tea after dinner you can kick back and read a fascinating article about <a href="http://www.shortlist.com/entertainment/the-50-coolest-book-covers" target="_blank">the 50 coolest book covers ever</a> or <a href="http://www.psmag.com/navigation/health-and-behavior/toast-story-latest-artisanal-food-craze-72676/" target="_blank">how toast became the hippest snack in San Francisco</a>. Yes the internet is truly a wonderland.</div>
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<b>Step 2:</b> Set up a <a href="https://twitter.com/" target="_blank">Twitter </a>account if you haven't gotten one already and subscribe to newspapers, magazines and websites that feature this sort of journalism or track down websites and bookmark them or subscribe to RSS feeds where possible. Some examples:</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEMTLCrz9NWXzttsXatGt-7Iz5wF45XS_hXI75BtYY0XzUyVJpQmC11axlQaAUNhL_akGsgZ9LOUIZjXv6H28Q-SeqX2-7tUVH4d3BNfJWz6ECwTaPIkkFvDU6fSWumL_W7MqLO1073XQ/s1600/long-form.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEMTLCrz9NWXzttsXatGt-7Iz5wF45XS_hXI75BtYY0XzUyVJpQmC11axlQaAUNhL_akGsgZ9LOUIZjXv6H28Q-SeqX2-7tUVH4d3BNfJWz6ECwTaPIkkFvDU6fSWumL_W7MqLO1073XQ/s320/long-form.jpg" height="200" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Great excuse for 'borrowing' parent figure's iPads</td></tr>
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<ul>
<li><a href="http://wired.com/">Wired.com</a> (@wired)</li>
<li><a href="http://longform.org/">Longform.org</a> (@longform)</li>
<li><a href="http://brainpickings.org/">Brainpickings.org</a> (@brainpickings)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.newyorker.com/" target="_blank">The New Yorker</a> (@NewYorker)</li>
<li><a href="http://poynter.org/">Poynter.org</a> (@poynter)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.themillions.com/" target="_blank">The Millions</a> (@The_Millions)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.spectator.co.uk/" target="_blank">The Spectator</a> (@Spectator)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.mensjournal.com/" target="_blank">Men's Journal </a>(@MensJournal)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.theverge.com/" target="_blank">The Verge</a> (@verge)</li>
<li><a href="http://psmag.com/">PSmag.com</a> (<span class="screen-name" style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">@PacificStand)</span></span></li>
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<b><br /></b><b>3:</b> Make time for reading from your Pocket app at least once a day for half an hour and make it enjoyable. Big cup of tea or hot chocolate, comfy armchair by the fire or sunniest spot in the house, tell your parents you're studying and want no interruptions (milk Leaving Cert sympathy for all it's worth this year) Believe me - it will beat Home & Away hands down.</div>
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***** Optional*****<br />
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<b>Step 4: </b>For the really hungry writers out there - why not have a go at writing in this style yourself? Very few students (not to mind professional writers) can produce a really good short story in 70 minutes in an exam and yet most attempt the story over any other form. Reading an article on something a student has researched or is well-informed on is usually much more interesting and enjoyable to the teacher/examiner than yet another story about the time you got signed to Man Utd. (We really do get a lot of these essays).</div>
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And there you have it - 3 (or 4) steps to a better Paper One AND you get to drink lots of tea - Simps. </div>
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Good luck!Ms Dobbynhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00916495409407094753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2412953763102163084.post-76030307393845579892014-08-24T12:07:00.000-07:002015-02-11T11:08:47.113-08:00Paper 2 in Brief<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>This article first appeared in the Irish Independent Written Word supplement in March 2014.</i></span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">English Paper Two is 3 hours 20 minutes long, the longest single exam paper you will sit in June. It’s <b>200 marks in 200 minutes</b> which makes timing answers spectacularly easy: you have 60 minutes for your Single Text, 70 minutes for the Comparative and 70 minutes for your poetry section (20 for Unseen and 50 for the Studied poet). Give yourself these time limits when you practice exam questions as poor time management is the number one reason good students get bad grades.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The most important thing to remember for this paper is <b>answering the question</b>. Not learning off a million Macbeth quotations, not memorising what the textbook said about a particular poet; <u>answering the question</u>. I’d almost write it one last time in italics if I felt it would help…oh to hell with it: <i>ANSWER THE QUESTION!! </i>Please, please, please focus your energies entirely on the question on the paper. Read it ever so carefully and do your best to show the examiner that you are answering it clearly.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Give yourself a few minutes before you start writing each essay to plan a coherent structure for your answer: a clear <b>introduction</b> where you address the question from the very first line, a main body divided into <b>well-defined paragraphs </b>that each deal with a particular point and a <b>conclusion </b>that wraps up all your arguments into a nice neat bow (or at least a solid knot).</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Use <b>quotations</b> to back up your points. Try to integrate them naturally into your points so they don’t interrupt the flow of your writing. For example:</span></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Macbeth, on the other hand, is driven by his ‘o’er vaulting ambition’ to take Duncan’s life and is, therefore, ultimately responsible for his own tragic end. <o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">If you want to use a slightly longer ‘block’ quotation start on the next line and indent it. It should follow clearly from the previous sentence and on to the one that follows. For example:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The dashes contribute to the rhythm of the poems echoing the natural cadences of human speech. An example from ‘I taste a liquor never brewed’:<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">‘Inebriate of Air – am I –<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">And Debauchee of Dew -<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i><span lang="EN-GB">When I read these lines aloud I hear a colloquial effect and a hint of Dickinson’s wry, dry humour.</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The Single Text<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The Single Text will be the one that you’ve spent most time on, so you will naturally feel the urge to write every last thing you’ve memorised about it onto your exam script. Don’t. Only use material that is relevant to the question.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Single Text questions for the most part focus on the following areas of study: <b>characters, themes, plot stages, language and imagery.</b> Most questions ask for your <b>opinion</b> on one or more of these topics so it’s advisable to start formulating your opinions NOW.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">For those studying <i>Macbeth</i> for their single text, be able to answer questions like the following: Do you have any sympathy for either Macbeth or Lady Macbeth despite their evil deeds? What do you think the significance of the Witches/Banquo/Macduff is in the play? What makes a good King? Is the play <i>Macbeth </i>still relevant today?</span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The Comparative Study<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The Comparative Study is probably the most challenging part of Leaving Cert English and you need to be well organised to cope with it well. Know your three texts well but don’t obsess over every little detail like you would for the Single Text – it will actually just slow you down as you attempt to write an essay comparing three different texts. Know your modes of comparison well and practice exam questions for all of them. For 2014 they are: <b>Theme or Issue, Cultural Context </b>and<b> General Vision & Viewpoint.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Avoid summarising your texts; you should instead be constantly analysing and comparing them ie identifying similarities and differences between them. Focus on <b>key moments</b> that exemplify the theme/viewpoint/aspect of cultural context. It’s a good idea to prepare some ‘multi-moments’ that serve all the modes of comparison and not just one.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">There is no evidence to suggest that students do better on either the single essay type question or the two-part question. Practice both types to give yourself more question options in the exam.</span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Poetry<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-GB">The Unseen Poem</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"> can be an easy 20 marks in your pocket if you’re properly prepared for it. Approach it like a detective hunting for poetic techniques as well as possible meanings. My students are well used to me barking questions at them as they read a poem for the first time: Does it rhyme? Does it appeal to the senses? What’s your favourite/the most striking image? Is there any figurative language (metaphors/similes) in it? Any alliteration/assonance/sibilance/</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">personification etc.</span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">If you think the meaning of the poem is going over your head focus on the poetic techniques you can spot and the impact they had on you in your answer.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Studied Poetry<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In brief, I will advise preparing a minimum of <u>5 poets</u> well, formulating your own personal reactions and opinions to each poet and memorising as much of the poetry as you can (within reason).</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">For me recording myself reading the poems onto a cassette tape (I sat my Leaving Cert a long, long time ago) and then listening to them over and over again made memorisation easy. Knowing the lines ‘off by heart’ gave me a sense of ownership over them and meant I didn’t have to waste valuable minutes in the exam trying to remember them. ‘Rote learning’ gets a bad press in some quarters these days but, in my opinion, we don’t do half enough of it! Know the poetry for yourself and have faith in your own opinions and instincts on it.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Check out <i><a href="http://dobbyndigest.blogspot.ie/2014/08/poetry-top-ten-tips.html">Poetry Top Ten Tips</a> </i>for a more detailed look at Studied Poetry. </span></span><br />
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Ms Dobbynhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00916495409407094753noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2412953763102163084.post-52623052561297658172014-08-24T12:05:00.000-07:002015-02-11T11:10:17.125-08:00Poetry Top Ten Tips<i>This article first appeared in the Irish Independent's Written Word supplement in March 2014.</i><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1) Think!<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The Leaving Cert English syllabus is strongly focused on getting students to think for themselves and to formulate their own opinions: “Students should be able to </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">develop an awareness of their own responses, affective, imaginative, and intellectual, to aesthetic texts.” That means: don’t just learn a book of notes off by heart and think you’ll get an ‘A’ because you won’t. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">By all means read a range of criticism and analysis of your literary studies but ultimately you need to listen to your instincts and formulate your own opinions. Do this well in advance of the exam day, as you won’t have much time for pondering your innermost feelings on Heaney in the exam hall.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2) Engage personally. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Don’t write about the poet or poetry in the passive voice ie “Yeats is considered to be one of the twentieth century’s greatest poets…’ All Leaving Cert poetry questions are addressed directly to YOU and need to be answered by YOU, for example, ‘I found Yeats’ poetry about ageing to be incredibly powerful’ or ‘Heaney’s poem <i>The Call</i> reminded me of when I used to make phone calls home during my summer away…’ A personal example of how you connected with a poem will go a long way towards showing the examiner that you have engaged with the poetry on a personal level rather than simply learning off notes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLTi53lVRfNq5HxAqMMJuqJCUK1dbkC34Wz5jaIC-9PYQJfCWnC9-4FNR-EBmeuPkg-A5DgVbezFlqc5biHT0ugc6k9kH9FghDjy6as2w8d2DjvvT3cHwnUqwYduUMTTnvZYGjvvX-aus/s1600/metaphor-simile.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLTi53lVRfNq5HxAqMMJuqJCUK1dbkC34Wz5jaIC-9PYQJfCWnC9-4FNR-EBmeuPkg-A5DgVbezFlqc5biHT0ugc6k9kH9FghDjy6as2w8d2DjvvT3cHwnUqwYduUMTTnvZYGjvvX-aus/s1600/metaphor-simile.jpg" height="320" width="244" /></a></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3) Talk the Talk<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Familiarise yourself with the technical terms of poetry and don’t be afraid to use them e.g. stanza, metre, rhyme, metaphor, simile, onomatopoeia, alliteration, assonance, tone, imagery etc. There are glossaries of terms in a lot of the poetry textbooks or easily available online so there’s no excuse for pleading ignorance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Only use technical terms, however, if they are relevant to the point you’re making or back up your argument in some way. Trying to show off knowledge of terms out of context will make you look a little desperate. A simple rule is to only talk about technique in the context of its effect on the reader.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4) Don’t be a Plath Predictor</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">In 2012 every student in the country (or so it seemed) was completely certain that Sylvia Plath was going to be on the exam paper but when it came to that fateful day in June the poetic minx wasn’t there. You simply cannot count on the one poet you want to come up being there on your exam paper. The State Examinations’ commission is deliberately trying to make the exam less predictable so counting on patterns or predictions is unreliable. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The only surefire way of being prepared for June is by knowing five poets really well. The manner of questioning has also become a lot more specific over the past few years so, even if that poet you love does come up, the question might not suit your knowledge of them. Be a good Girl or Boy Scout and ‘Be Prepared’!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">5) Don’t focus too much on Biography<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Us teachers spend a lot of time filling students in on the context of a poem being studied; the life of the poet, the history of the era etc. When it comes to the exam question, however, you need to focus entirely on the poems and not on the exciting lives of the poets who wrote them. It may fascinate us that Yeats knew some of the 1916 Rising leaders or that Emily Dickinson was a bit of a hermit but giving a heap of biographical detail unrelated to the question will earn you zero marks. Biography can help us understand the poems but the examiner is far more interested in what you made of the poetry than how many facts about Kinsella you’ve memorized.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">6) Read a wide variety of poetry to prepare for the Unseen Poem<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">It’s only 20 marks but it might be the 20 marks that brings you up a grade so don’t neglect to prepare for the Unseen Poem. Your textbook is likely to have an Unseen poetry section with a variety of poems that you can practice on. If it doesn’t try exploring some of the following websites: </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.poemhunter.com/"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">poemhunter.com</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.poetryoutloud.org/"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">poetryoutloud.org</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> and </span><a href="http://www.poetrybyheart.org.uk/"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">poetrybyheart.org.uk</span></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Don’t worry if you don’t understand every single word of a poem. It’s more important to practice describing how a poem makes you feel or what images stay with you after you finish reading it. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">7) Don’t Paraphrase the Poem<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The Chief Examiner for English has criticized Leaving Cert English students for being prone to paraphrasing or summarizing both the unseen poem and studied poetry: “While the majority of answers engaged with the text in a positive way, some merely paraphrased the poem or offered undeveloped responses.”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">At Higher Level they expect deeper analysis, criticism and personal engagement. (Starting to see a pattern here?)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">You could be a professor in Yeats’ studies at Yeats’ University, Yeats-ville and you could still fail the poetry question unless you read the question on the exam paper and then answer that question. You are being assessed on how you answer that question so make that your focus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">9) Signpost your Answer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">READ THE QUESTION! Did I say that already? Read it and then focus all your energy on answering that question and on <u>showing</u> the examiner that you are answering it by signposting clearly. Don’t signpost it like a botharín in West Kerry with the sign pointing wonkily into a field. Signpost your answer like you’re on a German Autobahn – clearly, logically and at regular intervals. Mention some aspect of the question in every, single paragraph and drill it in to that examiner that you are a poetry question answering machine.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">10) Catch the Heart off Guard<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">My final message is to enjoy poetry – love it. 99% of you will never study poetry in a formal context again so this is it for you. These are the poets that will stay with you for life. The lines that you memorise will haunt you and at the most unexpected of moments you will find words from old poems helping you describe experiences you cannot verbalise yourself. Hazlitt said that ‘Poetry is all that is worth remembering in life’ and as the years roll by you’ll be shocked to realize that all that ‘practical’ stuff you learned in Maths and Biology will be long gone from your memory but lines from Yeats and Heaney will be etched on your heart forever.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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Ms Dobbynhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00916495409407094753noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2412953763102163084.post-65574836709823387832014-08-24T12:03:00.004-07:002015-02-11T11:09:33.829-08:00Dickinson Dissected<div class="MsoNormal">
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span lang="EN-GB">This article first appeared in the Irish Independent's Written Word supplement in March 2014.</span></i></span></span></i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span lang="EN-GB">Soundings</span></i><span lang="EN-GB"> has a lot to answer for. The classic textbook ‘enjoyed’ by generations of Irish Leaving Cert students is notorious for its roll call of dead white male poets and its utter lack of ethnic or gender diversity. In this sea of testosterone Emily Dickinson was the sole representative of female poetry and the selection of poems by her in the book had a decidedly morbid bent. ‘Because I Could Not Stop for Death’ and ‘I Felt a Funeral in my Brain’ being two of the more popular ones. As a result it is generally believed by most Irish people that she was a crackpot loner who was obsessed with death and that her poetry is ‘depressing’. I want to strongly emphasise that this attitude is widely off the mark and to say something like that in your exam will do a great disservice to both Emily Dickinson and yourself. </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;">Her 1800 strong collection of poems is dividedly evenly under the headings ‘Life, Love, Nature, Time and Eternity’ and fortunately the selection of poems on the current Leaving Cert course is a lot more representative of this variety of themes than was delivered in <i>Soundings</i>. Dickinson, like many poets, tackled the essentials of the human condition, asking the big questions: How does one cope with fear of death? How does one face up to the imponderable eternity that may follow? How can one find any certainty in this world? What makes us happy? She said: ‘My business is circumference’ meaning her goal was to understand the bigger picture of why we are here and what is important in life: ‘the essentials’.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;">The most immediately striking aspect of her poetry is, of course, her intransigently individual style. The reader is visually struck by her neat 4 line rhyming stanzas, unusual capitalisations and frequent use of dashes. As one studies her work the purpose of her unique punctuation becomes apparent. The capitals give emphasis to certain words, mostly nouns, on which she wishes to shine a spotlight. Often they are concrete symbols for abstract ideas or emotional states. In the poem ‘I heard a Fly Buzz’ the capitalised words include: ‘Stillness, Heaves, Storm, Eyes, Breaths,’ creating a hushed, tense atmosphere all by themselves. In ‘I Felt a Funeral in my Brain’ the treading ‘Mourners’ and ‘Service, like a Drum’ are symbols for the mental state she is seeking to describe.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;">The dashes contribute to the rhythm of the poems echoing the natural cadences of human speech. An example from ‘I taste a liquor never brewed’:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;">‘Inebriate of Air – am I –<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;">And Debauchee of Dew -<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;">Read the lines aloud and you will hear the colloquial effect and a hint of Dickinson’s wry, dry humour. Ted Hughes commented that the dashes are ‘an integral part of her method and style, and cannot be translated to commas, semicolons and the rest without deadening the wonderfully naked voltage of the poems’.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;">It is also immediately striking how important the natural world is to Dickinson. Her poems are populated by birds, bees, beetles, flies, snakes, butterflies and flowers. She was clearly a keen observer of plant and animal life and records in minute detail their appearance and movement. From ‘A Bird Came down the Walk’:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;">‘He glanced with rapid eyes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;">That hurried all around –<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;">They looked like frightened beads, </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;">I thought –<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;">He stirred his Velvet head’ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;">She also displays a sincere personal enjoyment of the natural world in ‘I could bring You Jewels’ and ‘I taste a liquor never brewed’. In these poems the beauty of nature is more valuable to her than expensive jewels and more intoxicating than alcohol:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;">‘Inebriate of Air – am I –<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;">And Debauchee of Dew –<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;">Reeling – thro endless summer days –<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;">From Inns of Molten Blue –<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;">In ‘Hope is the thing with feathers’ she uses a bird to symbolise the abstract concept of hope capturing both its fragility and resilience.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;">‘And sweetest – in the Gale – is heard –<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;">And sore must be the storm –<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;">That could abash the little Bird<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;">That kept so many warm –‘<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;">Nature is the tool she reached for most often to help explore complex questions and emotions. In ‘The Soul has Bandaged moments’ she describes the polar opposite emotions of ecstasy and despair and uses the image of a bee to depict the ecstasy: ‘The soul has moments of Escape –/When bursting all the doors –/She dances like a Bomb.../ As do the Bee - delirious borne – /Long Dungeoned from his Rose -’ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;">She was unafraid to also explore the darker aspects of the human condition including despair, fear and our attitude to death. She knew both the high and low moments of life and was able to describe these emotions in extraordinarily concrete terms. Her poetry is always, as Wordsworth put it: ‘felt in the blood and felt along the heart’. From the opening line of ‘I Felt a Funeral in my Brain’ we are brought inside the human mind and given an exploration of mental turmoil. All the elements of a sad funeral: ‘Mourners’, ‘a Service’ and ‘a Box’ are used as metaphors for internal sensations of anxiety and pressure:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;"> ‘And when they all were seated,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;"> A Service, like a Drum –<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;"> Kept beating – beating – till I thought<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;">My Mind was going numb - ’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;">I don’t think there’s a Leaving Cert student out there who has not felt a pounding in their head at some point this year from over-study, (or under-study!), stress or anxiety. What she’s describing isn’t foreign or strange, it’s something we’ve all experienced. She’s just describing it in an unusual way.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;">The poem can also be read as a meditation on death and whether there is an after-life. She could be imagining remaining conscious after death and being aware of the funeral ritual happening around her. The final stanza of the poem ends abruptly and openly, perhaps leaving the reader to decide for themselves if there is an afterlife or not:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;"> ‘And then a Plank in Reason, broke,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;"> And I dropped down, and down –<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;"> And hit a World, at every plunge,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;"> And Finished knowing – then – ’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;">The poem ‘I heard a Fly buzz – when I died’ is a less ambiguous imagining of the moment of death. Here Dickinson depicts a classic Victorian ‘death-bed scene’ with the family gathered in religious solemnity to mark the speaker’s passing:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;"> ‘The Eyes around – had wrung them dry –<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;"> And Breaths were gathering firm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;"> For that last Onset – when the King<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;"> Be witnessed – in the Room - ’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: inherit;">Instead of a moment of revelation or redemption, however, we get a moment of anti-climactic annoyance when ‘There interposed a Fly - /With Blue – uncertain stumbling Buzz - ’. The seriousness of the scene is completely spoiled by a bumbling Blue Bottle flying erratically ‘Between the light – and me - ’. The poem goes on to end, not with a ‘light at the end of the tunnel’ or a religious vision, but with nothingness: ‘And then the Windows failed – and then/ I could not see to see -’. The open-ended dash at the end leaves what comes after up to the reader’s imagination. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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In any analysis of Dickinson we have to acknowledge the privacy of her writing. She was not published to any real degree in her lifetime and very much wrote for herself rather than for others. As a result her poems are often somewhat elusive and open to interpretation – there are no interviews with Dickinson about the meaning of her poems on YouTube! At the core of her poetry, however, are the questions that man has asked himself since the beginning of time. While some of the language in her poems may now seem a little archaic to us, her themes remain bitingly relevant to this day. It is my firm belief that any Leaving Cert student can reach into her poems and find something there that speaks to their own personal experience. If nothing else ‘Hope’ (the thing with feathers) will be something you can cling to come 4th June!Ms Dobbynhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00916495409407094753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2412953763102163084.post-75325546289873713092014-08-24T12:02:00.001-07:002014-08-29T08:24:14.538-07:00The Psychology of Anthologies<span style="font-family: inherit;">Poetry requires time for consumption and digestion. Not just physical clock time but mental 'head-space' time. You can't read a poem while a part of your brain is thinking about what to cook for dinner or that you haven't been to the gym in three days. You have to be focused. If tweets are fast food designed for people on-the-go, poetry is foie gras and caviar; food to be savoured, relished and remembered.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">It can be exceedingly difficult to find the time for it in the modern world with so many apps, websites and devices devoted to disrupting our thoughts and grabbing our focus as often as possible. To get all that poetry has to offer you need to get away from the beeping gadgets, put up the 'do not disturb' sign and give it the respect it deserves. Poetry is the one style of writing I don't fancy reading on my Kindle - it belongs on the printed page or to be spoken aloud by the human voice. In short, it is sacred.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">I am in general much more drawn to my mixed poetry anthologies than to a book by an individual poet. I have collections by e.e. cummings, Emily Dickinson, Allen Ginsberg, Brendan Kennelly, Wendy Cope and many more whom I love but when I'm in the mood for poetry I tend to go back to the anthology where I read the poem that drew me to that poet originally rather than pick a book solely comprising their work.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Why is that? Are poems more appealing set among contrasting works? Are anthologies better because an editor has gone to the trouble of picking the best poems and excluding the chaff? Perhaps there are people out there who much prefer reading poems in their original collections 'as the poet's designed them' and scoff at anthologies. I'd love to hear your thoughts on this!</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">I can only speak for myself and for me anthologies win almost every time so I thought I might give a brief introduction to a few of the poetry anthologies that have given me huge enjoyment in my life:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">1)<i> </i><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/Staying-Alive-Poems-Unreal-Times/dp/1852245883/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1357919657&sr=8-1" target="_blank"><b><i>Staying Alive</i></b> - real poems for unreal times.</a> (2002) Edited by Neil Astley, published by <a href="http://www.bloodaxebooks.com/" target="_blank">Bloodaxe Books (Poetry With an Edge)</a>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.bloodaxebooks.com/personpage.asp?author=Neil+Astley" target="_blank">Neil Astley</a> is a prolific anthologiser (I may have just invented that word) having put together a multitude of collections for Bloodaxe Books. This book is one of a trilogy with companion pieces <b style="font-style: italic;">Being Alive </b>(2004) and <i style="font-weight: bold;">Being Human </i>(2011) and is divided up under headings like 'Body and Soul', 'Roads and Journeys', 'Disappearing Acts' and, my favourite; 'Me, the Earth, the Universe'.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">The blurb:</span><br />
''Staying Alive' is an international anthology of 500 life-affirming poems fired by belief in the human and the spiritual at a time when much in the world feels unreal, inhuman and hollow. These are poems of great personal force connecting our aspirations with our humanity, helping us stay alive to the world and stay true to ourselves.'<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-nxHvfioUcd1U0k-SF4fgmqdqCAbv4TzclhThvUj2IRcwzK1yoCnkRXXNDHKq1gFOvWizJphjJ5LSF10ys6BB11t58iSIIAfGNgxZ8oqg_O6oaUP-eon7eCvfnOpbDaL0JE_0dw254Ms/s320/100+Poems+by+100+poets.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-nxHvfioUcd1U0k-SF4fgmqdqCAbv4TzclhThvUj2IRcwzK1yoCnkRXXNDHKq1gFOvWizJphjJ5LSF10ys6BB11t58iSIIAfGNgxZ8oqg_O6oaUP-eon7eCvfnOpbDaL0JE_0dw254Ms/s320/100+Poems+by+100+poets.jpg" height="320" width="210" /></a><span style="font-family: inherit;">2) <a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/100-Poems-Poets-Harold-Pinter/dp/0571160956/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1357921620&sr=1-1" target="_blank"><b>100 Poems by 100 poets </b>- An Anthology</a>. (1991) Selected by Harold Pinter, Geoffrey Godbert, Anthony Astbury, published by Grove Press.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">The blurb:</span><br />
'To pass the time on a long train ride from London to Cornwall, playwright Harold Pinter and his two companions, Geoffrey Godbert and Anthony Astbury, set up a challenge: Choose a hundred poems by a hundred poets – living poets excluded – to represent the finest poetry ever written in English. The three agreed to organize this collection unconventionally, alphabetically by author rather than chronologically. The resulting anthology is challenging, eclectic, very personal, and great fun. With its surprising juxtapositions and gargantuan range of voice and style, 100 Poems by 100 Poets brings old favorites into a new light and less well-known poems out of the shadows.'<br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">The sticker from Charlie Byrne's bookshop on the back of this book is in punts so it's been in my possession at least ten years now. I love it because they chose to include my favourite Shakespeare Sonnet (No. 29) which proves I have the same taste as Pinter. Win.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCiIEjC2hYkuFHyUzMlNHz8gI2bnSmNIuKywM0NyqI9wTccjRUlA7Ok4U8coNbr8AwzPJJ1UA9yM9QeROtl304-WfvnbOgA_aIdr6TEicOj7xWDmcYZubCOP7b4bpbk1o2icSEFKTRWO8/s1600/lifelines.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCiIEjC2hYkuFHyUzMlNHz8gI2bnSmNIuKywM0NyqI9wTccjRUlA7Ok4U8coNbr8AwzPJJ1UA9yM9QeROtl304-WfvnbOgA_aIdr6TEicOj7xWDmcYZubCOP7b4bpbk1o2icSEFKTRWO8/s1600/lifelines.jpg" /></a><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #321f20;">3) <a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/Lifelines-New-Collected-Letters-Favourite/dp/1860592546/ref=sr_1_4?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1357925978&sr=1-4" target="_blank">Lifelines - New and Collected.</a> </span>(2006) Compiled by Dónal O'Connor, Caroline Shaw and Stephanie Veitch, intrduced and edited by Niall MacMonagle. published by Town House, Dublin.</span></div>
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The blurb:<br />
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"It is twenty-one years since the pupils of Wesley College Dublin first published their pamphlets, Lifelines - Letters from Famous People about their Favourite Poem, to help with famine relief in Ethiopia. Their stunningly simple idea resulted in three volumes of best-selling poetry anthologies.<br />
Under the direction of their English teacher, Niall MacMonagle, the pupils of Wesley College now publish their final Lifelines. It is a hugely entertaining, eclectic collection, comprising entries from the famous of 2006 and selected responses from previous editions."<br />
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My favourite collection - without question. The fact that each poem has been selected as somebody's 'favourite' means that every one is gripping in some way. The inclusion of the letters explaining the choice is also a stroke of genius as it offers a helpful introduction to a previously unknown poem or can offer insights into a familiar one the reader may not have considered before. I have been dipping in and out of Lifelines for a few years now and continue to find hidden gems guarded by the blurry blue bunny (!)<br />
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Does anyone out there have an anthology they treasure and would like to share? Please let me know if so! I can offer more suggestions if people have all of these and want more ideas but I'd love to hear your ideas first.<br />
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Anyone lucky (!) enough to have had me as a teacher over the past number of years will know that I have long extolled the benefits of poetry memorisation and since 2004 I have cajoled enormous numbers of students to successfully commit poetry to memory. I always enjoy the look of astonished pride on the face of a reluctant poetry student as they complete the stanza or poem successfully in front of the class.<br />
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<a href="http://www.poetryireland.ie/" target="_blank">Poetry Ireland</a> and the <a href="http://www.nli.ie/" target="_blank">National Library</a> have also been running the <a href="http://www.nli.ie/blog/" target="_blank">Poetry Aloud competition</a>, a competition aiming to celebrate the spoken recitation of poetry, here in Ireland for a number of years now. Poems must be spoken from memory for Poetry Aloud so the while memorisation is not the focus of the competition it is necessary to compete. By all accounts it's a terrific competition and if any Calasanctius students would like to compete next autumn do come to myself or one of the other English teachers to discuss it.<br />
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Memorising poetry isn't easy, as Stephen Moss of the Guardian demonstrates with his somewhat failed attempt to memorise William Blake's Auguries of Innocence --><br />
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But the benefits of it for your brain are immense. Rote learning gets a bashing in the media these days but I actually think we don't do enough of it in schools. Memorisation improves focus, challenges and exercises your brain and has been proven to improve cognitive ability into old age. There's a detailed run down of these benefits on awaken.com here: <a href="http://www.awaken.com/2012/07/in-praise-of-memorization-10-proven-brain-benefits/" target="_blank">In Praise of Memorization.</a><br />
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In an era when we are generally externalising most of our knowledge (does anyone remember how we found answers to questions before Google?) and memory (do you actually know your best friend's phone number?) to devices and the internet we face a general 'dumbing down' of society unless we consciously fight to learn things by heart.<br />
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So what makes a particular poem good to memorise? I think a regular rhyming scheme and steady rhythm really help. The <a href="http://www.poetrybyheart.org.uk/" target="_blank">Poetry By Heart website</a> has a very wide mix of stuff from Chaucer in 1380 right up to present day poets like Carol Ann Duffy and Patience Agbabi. Some of it is very challenging (Sir Gawain and the Green Knight?!) but most of it is accessible to all readers and a few of the Leaving Cert poets including Yeats, Boland, Longley, Mahon, Rich, Heaney and Larkin feature.<br />
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Since I started teaching I've compiled my own list of the best poems to gently encourage (read: force) students to memorise. Here's a shortlist:<br />
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WB Yeats<br />
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<li>The Lake Isle of Innisfree</li>
<li>The Stolen Child</li>
<li>He Wishes For the Cloths of Heaven</li>
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William Wordsworth<br />
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<li>The Daffodils</li>
<li>To My Sister</li>
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Adrienne Rich</div>
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<li>Aunt Jennifer's Tigers</li>
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Robert Frost</div>
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<li>Nature's First Green is Gold</li>
<li>The Road Not Taken</li>
<li>Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening</li>
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Emily Dickinson</div>
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<li>'Hope' is the Thing with Feathers</li>
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Austin Clarke</div>
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<li>The Planter's Daughter</li>
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Dylan Thomas</div>
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<li>Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night</li>
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Now go learn one off by heart!<br />
<br />Ms Dobbynhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00916495409407094753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2412953763102163084.post-54936301040144549102014-08-24T11:53:00.002-07:002014-08-24T12:16:36.825-07:00Numeracy in the English ClassroomI loved Maths at school and but for the limited choices available in 1st Arts in NUI, Galway I would have studied it on into university. Surely becoming an English teacher has halted my love of numbers forever? Not so (thankfully) as English literature, especially poetry, has much to do with numbers as my students are frequently baffled to discover.<br />
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Here Prof Roger Bowley argues that poetry and numbers are more closely linked than you might think:<br />
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Poetic metre or the rhythmic structure of a line of poetry fascinates me. Why does the number of beats in the line contribute to the humour in a limerick? Or add to the emotion in a sonnet? Why does a rhyming couplet give us a feeling of completion at the end of a soliloquy or a sonnet? How did poets find a way to put music into words on a page?<br />
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Another word for poetic metre is 'prosody' which comes from the Greek for 'a song sung to music or pronunciation of a syllable' which demonstrates the two goals of poetic metre - to echo human speech and to capture music in words. Ultimately the 'rules' are not there to constrain poets but help a poet learn mastery over words, their rhythm and their music. If you were learning to paint or to play an instrument would you not want to learn the exercises and techniques to help you learn rather than just figuring it all out on your own? It'd take ages!<br />
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If you'd like to learn more about poetic metre there are some great books out there:<br />
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Ode-Less-Travelled-Unlocking-Within/dp/1592403115" target="_blank">The Ode Less Travelled by Stephen Fry</a><br />
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Blurb:<br />
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Stephen Fry believes that if you can speak and read English you can write poetry. But it is no fun if you don't know where to start or have been led to believe that Anything Goes.</div>
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Stephen, who has long written poems, and indeed has written long poems, for his own private pleasure, invites you to discover the incomparable delights of metre, rhyme and verse forms.</div>
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Whether you want to write a Petrarchan sonnet for your lover's birthday, an epithalamion for your sister's wedding or a villanelle excoriating the government's housing policy, <i>The Ode Less Travelled</i> will give you the tools and the confidence to do so.</div>
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Brimful of enjoyable exercises, witty insights and simple step-by-step advice, <i>The Ode Less Travelled</i> guides the reader towards mastery and confidence in the Mother of the Arts.</div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Poetry-Handbook-Mary-Oliver/dp/0156724006/ref=sr_1_6?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1362337738&sr=1-6&keywords=mary+oliver" target="_blank">A Poetry Handbook by Mary Oliver </a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4ci2lSE4sXt6mRIpD9Ig4DhTOtTAi7QeQ0sFui5Lc83MPubO7qo1xliMik1h7rtFszNnYDXYwSBDacpcFSlAKgCt7qs-nHBwGGascsIu6_uPVYqrMNxt9p_Knj8dPkcKOQiKNaDuHK9w/s1600/mary+oliver.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4ci2lSE4sXt6mRIpD9Ig4DhTOtTAi7QeQ0sFui5Lc83MPubO7qo1xliMik1h7rtFszNnYDXYwSBDacpcFSlAKgCt7qs-nHBwGGascsIu6_uPVYqrMNxt9p_Knj8dPkcKOQiKNaDuHK9w/s200/mary+oliver.jpg" height="200" width="132" /></a>Instead of a blurb I'll use this chance to reprint one of my favourite Mary Oliver Poems just because she's a fantastic poet and her brilliance at writing poetry serves to represent how wonderful her slim guide to writing poetry is also!<br />
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<span class="size14" style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>Wild Geese</i></b></span></div>
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<span class="size12" style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">You do not have to be good.</span></div>
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<span class="size12" style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">You do not have to walk on your knees</span></div>
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<span class="size12" style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">for a hundred miles through the desert repenting.</span></div>
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<span class="size12" style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">You only have to let the soft animal of your body</span></div>
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<span class="size12" style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">love what it loves.</span></div>
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<span class="size12" style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tell me about despair, yours, and I will tell you mine.</span></div>
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<span class="size12" style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Meanwhile the world goes on.</span></div>
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<span class="size12" style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Meanwhile the sun and the clear pebbles of the rain</span></div>
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<span class="size12" style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">are moving across the landscapes, </span></div>
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<span class="size12" style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">over the prairies and the deep trees,</span></div>
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<span class="size12" style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">the mountains and the rivers.</span></div>
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<span class="size12" style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Meanwhile the wild geese, high in the clean blue air,</span></div>
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<span class="size12" style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">are heading home again.</span></div>
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<span class="size12" style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Whoever you are, no matter how lonely, </span></div>
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<span class="size12" style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">the world offers itself to your imagination,</span></div>
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<span class="size12" style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">calls to you like the wild geese, harsh and exciting </span></div>
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<span class="size12" style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">over and over announcing your place </span></div>
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<span class="size12" style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">in the family of things.</span></div>
Ms Dobbynhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00916495409407094753noreply@blogger.com1